/Width 140 >> /ImageB /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode << /BitsPerComponent 8 312.1603 /Height 33 /Height 43 Gb!mCd0Tdq#QR`r+'SLJU/Ji<1;!WoC8ub2]cs*X,mP"k#EaGrTXWhp%h$seeNd0Y%jDo%3r?pgYe]bPN^eSd-_4:-5"LuWZjJYt<=).~>endstream /Rect [ 343.2578 /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /Text /Type /Action R. Bellman, The theory of dynamic programming, a general survey, Chapter from "Mathematics for Modern Engineers" by E. F. Beckenbach, McGraw-Hill, forthcoming. /Rect [ 150.3443 /Border [ 0 /FlateDecode ] << /A << /S /URI /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode << /BitsPerComponent 8 << /BitsPerComponent 8 /FormXob.7efba4d91c722b8d08255c1fbaf7e471 69 0 R stream 512.6969 ] /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B) >> 580.9469 ] 0 /FlateDecode ] /Type /Annot >> << /A << /S /URI /Rect [ 323.2878 << /A << /S /URI /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB endobj /Border [ 0 /Length 1970 /Filter /FlateDecode stream 222.9469 /Type /Action /Subtype /Image /Border [ 0 endobj /Width 347 >> 0 47 0 R 1 The Markov Decision Process 1.1 De nitions De nition 1 (Markov chain). endobj stream /FormXob.51835b45461ebaacf37b68d61d5bc546 71 0 R 0 /Height 30 841.8898 ] 45 0 R /Subtype /Image << /A << /S /URI 7 0 R << /BitsPerComponent 8 /Type /Annot >> 359.3678 704.9469 ] /FlateDecode ] /Subtype /Image CHAPTER V Dynamic Programming and the Calculus of Variations (pp. stream /Border [ 0 << /BitsPerComponent 8 Gb"/c_%+@*$q'pl+,tH2-<3c1'AEhti?N2Uo:Tr;CMR_O06DRepCnM].tbss=`.H:4=4]jB(h^u=^c1"]Q)Ro@=]Z9)iLLO$Y2at8!_%je!AZ-8VY'5"f75MAfHC,M_"[Vi'\p*k48V28ODD.R]D%"BH@"]Gke6_=q`8!3+BrF"@ksD%(RjSWP_7JrRes#".3TSS4oGCq86;e.l1RAQiPrYT1;MRk^F!V%cfr7WYVGq4s"\kLu'+L=+mXf^^W! /Height 43 14 0 R /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >> /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode % The standard fonts dictionary Dynamic Programming - Dover Publications In addition to his fundamental and far-ranging work on dynamic programming, Bellman … 0 Gb"/#bAP3O%*S[#FKe,`U2(IrPt4A&`+)m==mnHlNCK\jB^Cet_UGCAfIW&>9IR65e[sO^nRO98I#l9*M!tW0hq.@@p"`^Ds+WOXEqJF:b$r-5SPR+%Z1!prdcPtrU.r@RV]H46[++;A1RjAQr!.l[BJ3kjcKHPQ!3kQI5!!EG065JU]=LmY! /Type /Action << /BitsPerComponent 8 /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scheme_%28programming_language%29) >> endobj % 'FormXob.527101b4bdfe81acc8bdd28fc8299d48': class PDFImageXObject 85 0 obj /Subtype /Link % 'FormXob.6f98c5b8631cc26ca98ca17f5cec279d': class PDFImageXObject /Height 43 /Type /XObject /Type /XObject 527.6969 << /A << /S /URI /Width 37 >> 74 0 obj /Subtype /Image /Subtype /Link 237.9469 ] 99.59687 ] endobj << /BitsPerComponent 8 << /A << /S /URI /Border [ 0 /Width 347 >> 0 /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /Height 33 38 0 obj "_fZIX7;"JU_JElf6%Zf1PI8O'Q+jb3I9YVKWnuE=>NJM-Jds=B'$8etK:+\,:]q/N&G;1(TcHho9GWfHKBQIn/<9.$,SN&N77GlJu)lG&5^V*37endstream /Rect [ 377.6327 % 'Annot.NUMBER56': class PDFDictionary /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discounting) >> endobj 0 /Rect [ 502.0227 /Border [ 0 /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recursion) >> /Type /Annot >> 0 217.3729 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Height 30 /Type /XObject /Border [ 0 /Rect [ 395.4054 /Width 43 >> << /BitsPerComponent 8 Yet, only under the differentiability assumption the method enables an easy passage to its limiting form for continuous systems. stream 183.0689 397.9469 ] 0 44 0 obj % 'Annot.NUMBER41': class PDFDictionary /Border [ 0 stream 0 ] 0 ] stream 0 /Rect [ 234.9268 endobj 233.2348 See all Hide authors and affiliations. 157.7429 << /BitsPerComponent 8 % 'Annot.NUMBER1': class PDFDictionary 0 /Type /Action stream 512.6969 ] /Width 263 >> *4Rs4Hj$O)*NsP#!H:["6i!DU6, OgJQ\!HrEA[NuOCVQd_]EsL!2BZ^X9+mHZJt>&kO/pT)1\F[fc6goAX^EEUCJ#cZWPe(sk`!g=uZB\@p+oo^RITn>5:*fYHbmYL.\:W&-Zd*Hi-a59Wt!1pBLCH.U"Tolg"*S:@F^q5G>Rq?icg@neELeLA\h6*9Cq_@Y!ouCLn3um-:@7AQ#"WWtWDY%_[]oVm3*urMn9$-3#*fE/u@0-ebbe!A%[W&ise;/>)UtPG9`poBP)q[!MAURFGj/\1ITY5FkPZ9kjISc6ZgR$7jnl"TLVA*@-p0HaPWKB5XD@U=$riXmet2ZmkuSuc;tS4]]iUu;+"b(_N8/;Jo"70?6ZR2dYNbhJt?o_6NNm"ig/ZLt7FCT*I99+%h/]ue[)P]?b*)Fj(0^`^V8%/Euti&`q9h2qY0(b%G7ofYdCU>Ym5mEK/U3riLA(8Jge$ot_AE5n/Tk*sJ/"<9Ug7V;ck_=ak(ZsSXmfY[?B*/]2&ZVK''/Jtt]9X7jo#Jf<5VU:es;/#oC?#/h/+p#.E&Ym:\$otPtDX(fQ1W(5M^3rpQ>#7=3C7\MVpT[D$l*3:JKu#NaZaMBp^puBmL^n2fcel,ikg%DUQPl>D:2g^/gClsC=23+2,oC#bh"tXgAQYEIn$Xm0\buS6USai2W\D7\Hb%^q9MSF_lKc%8Y64sOq2#Lt[O0+k2&6bi_VMBo?/JDl.X^5ZBeh\L#IQ6f(2e=S'bq*AGR7sB&MNf@D]@*\lP7nNn$EI%$lTRg9)\'-fELdTfD)5VnEX*0En5_=cW7e1I-al_4]:"O.%"dV6-?&iIs?Gp\&ZFQ21iE,o:`uB\LVMK_"4^OX-=YSmGV^3Y%.WMJc?01;B0ArjdMt,1!G:%M@,2(4_`=C;1Ac0Sj^iF*k!fq%Qr;n_A/6?r?d(7c7!PVG!`o#jDk=Z)I@H@6fVC?63U9mqV:FZ7Y7"$q5&,?OQAI5Ish:J<9c7O1$S'^fn74>>f(IkZ/puT$3,HX#M4h/V$d/@XkMH?">dJC$BOb$5L@N[_0ohBBR0m253*`m3Q>5nmO,>rMoA"4/EqE)?%/dHO9sQ#p5q0*!impW()UD\o]7-V"@>u;%-t'0=fUI3Ri5eg6V'\CJKu%AQ5oX9F*'IJRK4@MFU$i)Wce:=b,Td%nFe;9FNE(3+&s>Db`NoP#;SUm-85@ki^:-2l&5H.H/Lk9'.^.1ZJ`6q(>I=+1-t3egj:3`br&L+lH>'8+h7G0!nri;@nBSOhj.5`9khgQaDlU[$.`QB[-3^FD]l!OnFjGTqJd^_$d]:s+HA*jMX:.pmg%S]<<2%=aJnY1E(-U0k<1mQrB6r&s$sD-,QoX_P`M,+2EC;#Gb)Ci1hoo"R(t!KQ[dqb"EWD\@h>^[_WneM(l4M>=ea[J1u"rP!Q9Rsrnmd_8[-fUKg$\(D5fDI"_.lqQJ]D-&n%h0OTU;F2G'd&l.&>!K^1qD"LD'=kN8Ycn_`DOPS'.#"R9CZU/[9:VdEat&QWnE\!3q:3(&iKdB![9ZD;^SsW=ga;1IT3%TbrRtE,Qe&FcY($+=lQt=i8snM_?,,ssV@j>ZS*7'Cato,_G`Z-.!`#arI1s)S;Cm:HnGK-r")jg!"^aU"rCT&rZ-N@H>X#dr>n3t>4lj6VRiaMLS'")V[1\%D&W:]rVeWj7%V20dc)o*TZ]^V>iE[pIX_FUUWE5,A9XV3s=!7dZej8#V5uAo0!4%&2h==&F,a+k0[$$R$/&uZ?VSAp9!Q;FI\MY7fZi\>F's\9h[T\4!2-FTa.iCplEi\=Ongc25JA,mo3O^=kP#_Q_^O"a_/Kb/hZ_NeGUg?%rZZ9:8.k6iMN'!G3P8QqBJ>cgTlsRRDi./5WId=@/;QlUJ)+o[+6>&SIt1*UE9&Gh49dP/IVqmZJurM,4t8=$7pg_c(!!r-=pF@qhLM!F+eW,XBpjj[A[##>aJ`0B(cIGVgJ?Rhf-'brk18TBlOIr7$coO]B%Rq[IuHj;WVssa&Gtb+cRm:8mW)>9aLFB"fa*M#H-N^%Gn+D%X>>];PondH<=@H%3pUZ%#5eRKLTU8#T>CHl[$4d[%nrh#"meS4DA%SK(bM)&:rP]T[lFL'-+sN=3()G#&>6EbL0KpJ/mtU]oTIH`FF-l7\PLs[\=h\:q1)\8g_M>,7+B)Sgq)Q#K"i(?"jR'5WBi;KiX+%^'d1$89m,dX+1Vc+fcYDhi"B3h,8DAfq^#@?&.rpRT$"0.#*5GSPE=At/u%_a@MpBcWsjn#,&k$Gbi%%uJS46TW\k576Zrm4#WnVqS$df"Xuej>%a#5NY4E8;Xf(+DX>=C4:j]7gb2=UPh1lJ9^bMMI(a&MlS=KscrP@W974i::Y,7X*hPJA,cgdFDGMfB1J'W\Z3>1.nBLm6Kc'K:PJ?*XB7nPQ>]3:#MV6H;I4--PX-[N61+"^BHLn?PO^;d9. 146.2529 0 ] 542.6969 ] I’ll try to mention every part of his life starting from his personal and family life, to his education and carry on with his extraordinary contributions to mathematics and other sciences. /Rect [ 90.01915 endobj endobj /Subtype /Link . Although we stated the problem as choosing an infinite se-quences for consumption and saving, the problem that faces the household in period | ’fcan be viewed simply as a matter of choosing today’s consumption and tomorrows beginning of period capital. % 'Annot.NUMBER37': class PDFDictionary /Length 722 [1950s] Pioneered the systematic study of dynamic programming. 0 ] 521.9469 ] endobj endobj 53 0 R /FormXob.e7fdf0467c6f411a0fb5ffca832f23db 64 0 R % 'FormXob.259737109518d6104fe35d5cd9a74d71': class PDFImageXObject 0 /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode Optimal substructure: optimal solution of the sub-problem can be used to solve the overall problem. /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellman_equation) >> 29 0 R % 'FormXob.f02465cdf5f2c324f0e04662e6ec22d9': class PDFImageXObject /Type /Action 36 0 R Dynamic programming = planning over time. % 'FormXob.1be64776d9130247f6ffe27a4595d846': class PDFImageXObject 13 0 obj 49 0 R /Length 204 526.9134 /FlateDecode ] /Text /Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0] 497.6969 ] 0 /Border [ 0 /Rect [ 512.1327 /Rect [ 498.6927 /Type /Action Multistage stochastic programming Dynamic Programming Practical aspects of Dynamic Programming Optimization Problem We want to solve the following optimization problem min E hTX 1 t=0 L t x t;u t;˘ … stream % 'FormXob.29ee15fbb84b21a426b92205d8c2797c': class PDFImageXObject /FormXob.527101b4bdfe81acc8bdd28fc8299d48 56 0 R 0 ] 50 0 R 62 0 R << /Annots [ 39 0 R /FlateDecode ] 0 /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_%28economics%29) >> /Subtype /Link "i56ti;~>endstream 21 0 R 80 0 obj << /A << /S /URI 0 49 0 obj % 'Annot.NUMBER36': class PDFDictionary Gb"/g_%OU-$q1!m+3f%LFK1HKA2f'?p'>2Qqas$(g=Fj+elGkm96GL3*Z`!J,!7gK4DVAo&JanoNDO4k#SHUlNh.p$Y/(/QYL"R,JUCYs=%73!,JpM$9P3D/=XTq?_=+IaHM$FK%X?)b7Ak6q!3aC:>V,#MCk:iLm]:9WLcRHhB!8X?FTJ.l0mrNKerI=9gnhq-(f]c&^e!iW7e)_n4'3h$6LSJfr).L$AdR'ElFQnYK? % 'Annot.NUMBER43': class PDFDictionary /Border [ 0 0 /FormXob.7efba4d91c722b8d08255c1fbaf7e471 69 0 R stream /ProcSet [ /PDF Within this framework … /Height 30 12 0 obj 99.59687 << /A << /S /URI endobj /Subtype /Link /Length 780 637.526 0 ] /Subtype /Link /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Top-down) >> Understanding (Exact) Dynamic Programming through Bellman Operators Ashwin Rao ICME, Stanford University January 15, 2019 Ashwin Rao (Stanford) Bellman Operators January 15, 2019 1/11. 749.9469 /Type /Action /Type /Action "F2"jX.o8dR))/9"oAqpPQCKG21IQ0]2Pc63Rc=32LHr#E#XGnE@K+XA^j;k#Lc~>endstream endobj Break up a problem into a series of overlapping sub-problems, and build up solutions to larger and larger sub-problems. % 'FormXob.0e4140396336e8982f3da47e78fd46db': class PDFImageXObject /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellman_equation) >> 0 /Subtype /Image << /A << /S /URI stream . 41 0 obj /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systems_analysis) >> 31 0 obj This blog posts series aims to present the very basic bits of Reinforcement Learning: markov decision process model and its corresponding Bellman equations, all in one simple visual form. /FlateDecode ] 0 /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode << /BitsPerComponent 8 499.6034 Dynamic Programming principle Bellman Operators 3 Practical aspects of Dynamic Programming Curses of dimensionality Numerical techniques V. Lecl ere Dynamic Programming 11/12/2019 6 / 42. /Rect [ 74.69291 endobj !4>(4Y]0GEGfg`QRrsD0tgcKZ>eFm/9ktAaC^jP&MHtHK`(j0X@LrSFdU@\Jf=*YMOqf[7h45qQq6+["Qt(Np9M[C!7l!>h!$ubB$UCUl'Wg%MS&41t40Y`E2$nDnlSUg3+S%?7:iC$02-Jhl.^4qB@n"=OPnBOG@=o$DDgSGh?pYh5eMDrSkuiX03M4mjlZp\jn#6GXD-1+bUDI(I-UUCn(~>endstream % 'Annot.NUMBER39': class PDFDictionary /Border [ 0 29 0 obj 80 0 R /Type /XObject /Type /XObject 55 0 R % 'FormXob.1820ceb959c861f51c55fee3bd515cd7': class PDFImageXObject /Length 2579 << /A << /S /URI 0 /Length 1970 /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_Lisp) >> /Type /Action 66 0 R endobj /Type /XObject /Length 132 /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode 763.9469 ] Little has been done in the study of these intriguing questions, and I do not wish to give the impression that any extensive set of ideas exists that could be called a "theory." << /BitsPerComponent 8 Gb"/hgMYq'#Xn:a+!"?rV(2%i^jp92c["904*\?;]l-4C+bUE4"4o3,X!#H&[9-_al'N7FggJU%2t.R!GK42aLhRZs%2SZM!BnU2eQc/5#+%8>rd_u@W!77N>/&]1gif&-J,?fY5W)Aoj)l,k3Uo&Q/3*GdCZ7/+Os"WoU[t\Lr/5AX[2[8TT%6*cJC]#V=t=RT5A[s,>9$lK[Vh-%k=%kGbh!g&89`I0@/FFjK-Lb4E0CO5-_qD]QTiY+Ak4h/-plC"5*LlRh*&b.F,:916D*LHauHulJhj^XlnlhBF;KPSbM!TFX,0@`aWZilaN2m0%K6CAI6SWO62r[:cr-eYKcO'(XcD!-iE;CRUZQ9JA','QB'A6?T]o"R#lb)n9hmtk-O"X?^Rc$-#;CHA;3Lgq#?MNCH3AXfDC2e]mF\l.@npWku*"\rXjT.n>s?NYr/Cb!X586AD.KR5[V0C[*JB?ia>?K2GJPnS?*BS-hcAS/I:-or);\]JWddgSNEr,'aG4l1Gq]in+Vj^$Vgpd&qMj2#'RRGVOjgMZmZ3ZTHHA3/1bK;MQ&'q8jPuO"l\TX"nA+_riWKa?Or6%8W. /Type /Annot >> 63 0 obj /Border [ 0 /Rect [ 377.6327 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB Etymology. 71 0 obj /Type /Annot >> endobj Within this framework … In contrast to linear programming, there does not exist a standard mathematical for-mulation of “the” dynamic programming problem. /FormXob.9d9e3aa41e4c653a409c50fda569176d 76 0 R 54 0 R stream /Type /XObject stream /Type /Annot >> 506.9469 /Length 730 endobj Ask Question Asked today. MATLAB code for the book. 44 0 R 34 0 obj But I learnt dynamic programming the best in an algorithms class I took at UIUC by Prof. Jeff Erickson. /Subtype /Link /FlateDecode ] 0 ] /Type /Annot >> /Rect [ 395.4054 3 0 obj << /A << /S /URI /Subtype /Image 0 /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mergesort) >> /Type /Action /Subtype /Link 293.9127 /Width 30 >> 0 << /A << /S /URI /Rect [ 343.2578 0 ] % 'Annot.NUMBER53': class PDFDictionary endobj 0 ] % 'FormXob.4cbe102a2c6b956e23357d257fe5910e': class PDFImageXObject << /A << /S /URI /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perl) >> /Type /Action /FormXob.259737109518d6104fe35d5cd9a74d71 58 0 R endobj 72 0 obj % 'FormXob.b9d6fb4c0281b3918a8fb2eb5386dadd': class PDFImageXObject % 'Annot.NUMBER44': class PDFDictionary Gb"/f5n\hn$j?D+UT(r2ZQ3!GuukImlg'_UB>=D0?J'#qap1CYh[4>muA:]%e+(HC;62.q7t'd*d>=/BGe.%<=UX)M88YfJSl3]$ocbM\ch5cu1fg`5X9_T$DYR;p_P&n^+RhTjXn4hjPV-2N(icZ'NmO("QNK]^.u>LXjhg,0&_BXp^K6^t1M7](+)Z9=0(C9]endstream /Type /Annot >> endobj /Type /Action /Rect [ 400.9596 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Length 594 endobj /Rect [ 508.6927 11. /Rotate 0 /Rect [ 62.69291 << /A << /S /URI /Type /Annot >> << /A << /S /URI 80 0 R The two required properties of dynamic programming are: 1. 46 0 obj << /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 1150 111.5719 ]MX3!ILX[QqZl7p+,:(B8aQJj78Wk>jOsEV>/H5^ZnKV6~>endstream /Subtype /Link /Type /XObject 0 /Type /XObject /Length 144 /Type /XObject 185.1054 /Type /XObject Read Book Dynamic Programming Richard Bellman Bellman … [@@3b9ZWblReaihYdQ*Ot=-]*#;nJYBkDi8&pt320`!G9F)BU9:alkMF\,'S!-4I,iVllPP@c`$.Y$k1DEMNK;#edo2()hk/8JY$[gnU,C#7els]RP)8]5*ZXNN.F"endstream % 'Annot.NUMBER38': class PDFDictionary /Subtype /Link /Length 479 Richard Bellman 1; 1 University of Southern California, Los Angeles. /Type /Annot >> endobj 0 "mbReXVTp6WHFAJHNCgfB4)2u<5_S&Jq(2tG4ZQ8rY@kK7#`hjC<>7d-cW9$pXC@?MDDRnfW03fI=+q[[1FEZTuAnGlne7TDdn4*p"(CALbdGWq3=U_'q-o@N*pFp9O*;&_nP/sBYrO\U\@LTg`_B/Eja9b:L$:T:A$IKlSfR*Uu;%`,[Cg\"#g7>GMg-DAKYUMtgIX33Y^,[88Kg6AJcGE,1DB_$0?ngBM&J6:BL`[,k#V5Ar*_-kE^^2T40JLjc:BlD`l/$&7B"6:KSLeFKo!g_urTG$!F8]%M3K4kYKmh>>9j+9M7m<0JB6OFPT[F";I5sH,;*#cr6R#nLbP4>;PfnDAO.NgNSRb@ZMbrt>Z5M)4>)D@2*O]+'!u[^E/;9HADAfufKU3i#T7]GAe=E431CZRXfNV6s\riY3+7c1XAKoV@FqC!D.lc_p2.r^h0R8>.9IFDSPGfq[EF\>AtPn^mO&WjQ5,MF@EY2Fmc*JN)_o8U@dE+2)dNGm>:l=\skf6;gS%N^jMln+ANF0]D_V]o:PoBJ'-Qb(T^Y^$Q@+mrM+;R>bY]d#Hup(q'eJ\)si?R%Ol4)WJ0_cotTqR2a@5Ob_O-Z07TpS^-/k>;Ni8D5>o*fQQAYh53UEo^0=fk@WC#OE60k.^ICMpf_@&r;p.1(0kkeGC#Jn_*-Jp^muMqE;L1UG@m)P_*-hRiQdB-\@k/d:5Y3-\>MIsG>dM*E&,]BJ'"1qP,GXd9?#@2+US&U:&nalAqZU6u0ULe/q-481n]:rrEEK"s!~>endstream /Type /XObject /Type /XObject endobj The term dynamic programming was coined by … Dynamic Programming, (DP) a mathematical, algorithmic optimization method of recursively nesting overlapping sub problems of optimal substructure inside larger decision problems. << /BitsPerComponent 8 << /BitsPerComponent 8 550.9469 ] /Width 213 >> << /BitsPerComponent 8 /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FormXob.29ee15fbb84b21a426b92205d8c2797c 74 0 R /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tree_structure) >> 41 0 R )rOhg'6'Pd#BX1V!U`endstream 70 0 obj /Height 43 /Subtype /Image /Type /Action /Type /Annot >> 64 0 obj 398.9469 ] /Width 267 >> /Length 414 /FlateDecode ] /Type /Action % 'Annot.NUMBER54': class PDFDictionary /Type /Action 114.5969 ] /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /Type /Action endobj /FormXob.6b6a5df38a633082d75bf7ad897670fe 67 0 R /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB 0 ] 84 0 obj /Subtype /Image 99.59687 /FormXob.6b2f4fef12ec75e8ba778479799a2b44 70 0 R /FlateDecode ] [1950s] Pioneered the systematic study of dynamic programming. endobj << /BitsPerComponent 8 • Course emphasizes methodological techniques and illustrates them through applications. /Subtype /Image /Parent 328 0 R << /A << /S /URI /Height 107 % 'Annot.NUMBER5': class PDFDictionary % 'FormXob.1be64776d9130247f6ffe27a4595d846': class PDFImageXObject 24 0 obj 422.0754 0 ] /Type /Action /Type /Action 461.9469 ] stream % 'Annot.NUMBER47': class PDFDictionary Dynamic Programming. /Type /Annot >> endobj /FormXob.527101b4bdfe81acc8bdd28fc8299d48 56 0 R /FormXob.6b2f4fef12ec75e8ba778479799a2b44 70 0 R /Length 631 /Length 327 << /BitsPerComponent 8 /Subtype /Image 3 0 R 66 0 R /Text 22 0 R ] /Width 97 >> /ImageC �'Z��$. /Width 277 >> endobj 476.9469 ] 0 ] % 'FormXob.09cef196cd16db5caddfc3ceef8c2b96': class PDFImageXObject /Subtype /Image [l54U]~>endstream 157.7429 /Type /Action /Subtype /Link /Resources << /Font 1 0 R Bellman’s dynamic programming was a successful attempt of such a paradigm shift. /FormXob.0cc17d20790591600c58c36146e9e427 77 0 R /Type /Action /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prolog) >> /Type /Annot >> 2. 99.59687 ] Use: dynamic programming algorithms. << /BitsPerComponent 8 /Width 247 >> /Height 40 /Border [ 0 << /A << /S /URI /Border [ 0 /Type /Annot >> 315.5048 61 0 obj 0 /Rect [ 62.69291 55 0 R << /BitsPerComponent 8 << /BitsPerComponent 8 We will now use the concepts such as MDPs and the Bellman Equations discussed in the previous parts to determine how good a given policy is and how to find an optimal policy in a Markov Decision Process. /Type /Annot >> /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode 0 ] 69 0 obj /Rect [ 270.9541 endobj 0 Dynamic programming is ... Let’s take a look at what kind of problems dynamic programming can help us solve. /Type /Action 13 0 R /Width 113 >> /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regular_expression) >> % 'Annot.NUMBER33': class PDFDictionary /Type /Annot >> << /A << /S /URI /Type /XObject @dhUV3ls-)&@Rufn?Q>kWs$"jt'F5difXcl.T:ES;n;aMeDHG=GbeoNTB)~>endstream << /A << /S /URI /Subtype /Link Application: Search and stopping problem. 319.8969 ] )I^q:28`%L/7HdJP1YYtQHbWjP"f*V+)`'Yq[FFumj=0JeHfAVL,WLmnAC/k7@sFr4pU&`EVYsoa-jf)bd/Z\p+Yi9;It"eOd_Op~>endstream /Type /Action /Type /XObject /Rect [ 109.0329 /Length 491 % 'Annot.NUMBER26': class PDFDictionary /Resources << /Font 1 0 R /FlateDecode ] /Subtype /Link endobj /FormXob.64d9f2eb61bb80d35e448f9c6682b2b4 63 0 R /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB 1 Introduction to dynamic programming. /Type /Annot >> 0 % 'Annot.NUMBER27': class PDFDictionary << /A << /S /URI /Type /Page >> /Type /Action /Length 162 stream 42 0 obj 259.5929 Professor Bellman was awarded the IEEE Medal of Honor in 1979 "for contributions to decision processes and control system theory, particularly the creation and application of dynamic programming." The web of transition dynamics a path, or trajectory state action possible path. /Rect [ 255.6488 stream Continuous-time dynamic programming Sergio Feijoo-Moreira (based on Matthias Kredler’s lectures) Universidad Carlos III de Madrid This version: March 11, 2020 Latest version Abstract These are notes that I took from the course Macroeconomics II at UC3M, taught by Matthias Kredler during the Spring semester of 2016. 20 0 obj /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optimal_substructure) >> Dynamic programming is both a mathematical optimization and computer programming method developed by an American mathematician Richard Bellman. endobj /Border [ 0 51 0 obj /Subtype /Link << /BitsPerComponent 8 *4Rs4Hj$O)*NsP#!H:["6i!DU6, D%X>>];PondH<=@H%3pUZ%#5eRKLTU8#T>CHl[$4d[%nrh#"meS4D. /MediaBox [ 0 /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recursion) >> /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /Subtype /Link 86 0 obj endobj stream /Type /Action 80 0 obj /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >> endobj /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backward_induction) >> 0 % 'FormXob.240997dfa641bc8f11f49fdf4c5257b4': class PDFImageXObject endobj endobj /FlateDecode ] 55 0 obj endobj /ImageI ] >> ]8&1QOm,6r#LV5E@.,BO%;]1hf`+NlOApOG:\'.P~>endstream /Subtype /Form 530.0827 endobj Bellman: \Try thinking of some combination that will possibly give it a pejorative meaning. % 'FormXob.a348da8e837947cbedd355d262103c39': class PDFImageXObject 30 0 R 329.1828 54 0 obj 0 ] /Type /XObject /Type /XObject 19 0 obj 550.9469 368.9469 << /A << /S /URI 70 0 obj /Width 607 >> Gb"/hbHA`:#XnXk+)P$CU5Ir`^];Alk3Qu#(`nlcEI0'd&4-XGCXKkL-]H;A;G#RYSZi^*bCYp:&M+]7ir@Dba>m/P?u\;-%9LrU@tC$8Ha!te*is!! /FormXob.0cc17d20790591600c58c36146e9e427 77 0 R 467.6969 /Border [ 0 0 ] /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /XObject << /FormXob.09cef196cd16db5caddfc3ceef8c2b96 75 0 R /Subtype /Link 319.8969 ] 48 0 R 22 0 obj 0 ] Dynamic Programming 11 Dynamic programming is an optimization approach that transforms a complex problem into a sequence of simpler problems; its essential characteristic is the multistage nature of the optimization procedure. /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB << /BitsPerComponent 8 Dynamic Programming Dynamic programming is a useful mathematical technique for making a sequence of in-terrelated decisions. % 'Annot.NUMBER23': class PDFDictionary 0 Gb"/e9+Jl_$q#CA6W^T7W@`dN*UqfY+a+L"\Sje?+bUCn#U)]WI?7JjTgX`!"MX6+dTo4(*AtJ#*+-uV'&m1B%1,GhG3^`N.M%E'\GMV1DEU&f?6-8W#XLi5/@,pAA\4*DCYN4n>]6pKNE5S`")[$om-)QgP,7is$qkXrI7VP@nD/Uc@U"T)1;E[i!0Pu#F+j/)GDN$*4mnM38^G"JGpO)Ak+6S/Et!%*f>L'7r&GY.,l7]!,ir7&W?"Ao\D@R$nBgI0e8/Mj"tD8s7MP+R*>,*bMi8g.NY%>#D4AVl8;i_K>,a'eaombQWZ#e7prj?7o=7>stk^cAkV)6jnMhHD^HUEpBY6IN:8ZEB@JrjK]KrmeSo-WaM(/G+)DC:WN,L^t3"e/_A49[I/mW0X4!Wm1a@BSFaDH3C;)()HHjpH02\6#mW\((rG@$*"0jE? /ProcSet [ /PDF A Bellman equation, named after Richard E. Bellman, is a necessary condition for optimality associated with the mathematical optimization method known as dynamic programming. /Width 103 >> /Width 73 >> /Type /Action /Type /Action /Type /Annot >> /Type /XObject stream 304.8969 /Type /Annot >> /Length 631 Abstract: Adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) is a novel approximate optimal control scheme, which has recently become a hot topic in the field of optimal control. /Length 812 131.1272 << /BitsPerComponent 8 endobj 745.9469 ] /Subtype /Image /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /Type /Annot >> endobj Gb"/c_%+@*$q'pl+,tH22GLQ3,^,?:iS/&5QoA\o>?b<9>6R&O\pi^8*K-%6ZX'"R%c-n4;n`PG6#h`T[ATV16Fq1#gG;*Y2QV[RS^ZJ^Xt86;^9f/Z!]rZpXSJ2;'hB@Hh%3M]:Bkno]q@(.*p(ehCd4KQ:b"`1"A_f@IWNht0d*bGVYh,d=^(;_KD)B0ODQ.T:Q]3CcWf%(r. /Type /XObject /Subtype /Link /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode endobj /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /Subtype /Link /Width 27 >> /Subtype /Image /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Top-down_and_bottom-up_design) >> /Width 293 >> 0 /Rect [ 62.69291 endstream 715.9469 ] /Parent 328 0 R functional equations of dynamic programming were introduced by Bellman [l, p. 831. /Type /XObject % 'Annot.NUMBER29': class PDFDictionary /FlateDecode ] • Is optimization a ridiculous model of human behavior? 25 0 obj /Type /Action 264.6278 /Type /Annot >> /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linear_programming) >> % 'FormXob.1be64776d9130247f6ffe27a4595d846': class PDFImageXObject 350.4329 /Subtype /Image Home * Programming * Algorithms * Dynamic Programming. /ImageI ] endobj /Subtype /Link << /F1+0 284 0 R 841.8898 ] Understanding (Exact) Dynamic Programming through Bellman Operators Ashwin Rao ICME, Stanford University January 15, 2019 Ashwin Rao (Stanford) Bellman Operators January 15, 2019 1/11. /Subtype /Link /BBox [0 0 8 8] Gb"/a5n3l=9L-kN3Pl^)(bFZUf2?Q#2(2WQ)QQA%,AL(/M?B:M_So[\1lsg?7s6g^UPRkMc<6SDm2o%h!b11$G;u%TJgeuJ+Cc:%N%mTno-^;iKXI(G-E2dYfGht5$afl,uendstream /Type /Action 589.126 /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /Rect [ 186.6846 endobj << /BitsPerComponent 8 /Subtype /Image Article; Info & Metrics; eLetters; PDF; Abstract. << /A << /S /URI Gb"0N;%CAa#QmolIqZ.fe\S&'\qGNq^e7'Ql`_7g58"7$$.8Y]LgJ"C`5Y4[509/_)$Sc5'p?B+:a? /FlateDecode ] /Type /XObject /ColorSpace /DeviceGray /Subtype /Link Gb"/f5n\hn$j?D+UT(r2ZQ3!GuukImlg'_UB>=D0?J'#qap1CYh[4>muA:]%e+(HC;62.q7t'd*d>=/BGe.%<=UX)M88YfJSl3]$ocbM\ch5cu1fg`5X9_T$DYR;p_P&n^+RhTjXn4hjPV-2N(icZ'NmO("QNK]^.u>LXjhg,0&_BXp^K6^t1M7](+)Z9=0(C9]endstream Read Book Dynamic Programming Richard Bellman (PDF) Richard Bellman on the Birth of Dynamic Programming A Bellman equation, named after Richard E. Bellman, is a necessary condition for optimality associated with the mathematical optimization method known as dynamic programming. 55 0 R /Type /XObject 0 ] Dynamic Programming Hua-Guang ZHANG1,2 Xin ZHANG3 Yan-Hong LUO1 Jun YANG1 Abstract: Adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) is a novel approximate optimal control scheme, which has recently become a hot topic in the field of optimal control. /Subtype /Link % 'Annot.NUMBER8': class PDFDictionary /Length 2579 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Width 103 >> endobj /Subtype /Image /Length 936 /Type /XObject /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memoization) >> /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Height 50 90 0 obj 718.9469 ] 2 0 obj endobj >> % 'Annot.NUMBER17': class PDFDictionary ]MX3!ILX[QqZl7p+,:(B8aQJj78Wk>jOsEV>/H5^ZnKV6~>endstream 0 ] /Rect [ 430.5354 39 0 obj Gb"/dgCD(S$q'jjO.LS`W4-oKmBi)')e+ejoY@WQ(h8LZjoM(ifhIl;f'fYbn!;oH+? Gb"/g_32_Z#Xn:a+&-V>*i4%..,Ah\8=dLQT)-KS8&e&G,7f*7]=@PP9QN0OHEg2(dOC;K]A7H6CTg#G$d6OOf+fs`7mJYiiTY$1as9'VnK5_3h-g&;PL.L>UF92\=+GS02[E0@)N=_6k->MlAWX$A8'W-q[Q*>98dp)cY0hFH?\>$/s6aFf>p9JoX)#c-4'i0P$GI5Wc\3+dDV1N/ip'tK9=PXV+hhU=7ft?bTRLl<=Wuea.L94LQ;l^antaB']sB!p#mM/TOl(!$3oSNUN->7=_@!pN%1"'BT/6)nRCR^jcd6o=I$gEYPBXSTF=EQ!J7(!T1kh%aVi(I)TKj;cj9f-V9SVs5&*ZP8^GGQHFJE=":VL7I0=KFWL+1Q7(;kAe!Mu3_Z:AG6&'UT936XmebhQjH5`VXWDk@4Nm\HP=8Em~>endstream /Subtype /Image Almost any problem which can be solved using optimal control theory can also be solved by analyzing the appropriate Bellman equation. /Filter /FlateDecode 0 /Width 140 >> 56 0 obj % 'FormXob.6b6a5df38a633082d75bf7ad897670fe': class PDFImageXObject /Type /Annot >> 11 0 R /Height 43 /F2+0 288 0 R Viewed 2 times 0 $\begingroup$ I endeavour to prove that a Bellman equation exists for a dynamic optimisation problem, I wondered if someone would be able … Gb"/db8,^Q$jHV0O7m[((Hhs(jE8l,fbHgd``UQN&44)N/^R4#BWIpuojT9V4]gl:V:]U\]lf/#Rd-/1jc(BmSD?GbdUott'qeIX;J[:08r&.PKF_q";SuWOJRYsNR`?B84$.BZnE_Jo=!qFD`"OAJD'^O\_[2GS;gDjE8H$&2f2&&5REuVB7k0G1?2\RFYpPs.blP`'Xd%[t1@nqB",;qYrV'rmdK5iBd-C%0,[>&O9Nc@LbE/NFWDo_e17P+e/!Cj*q2a+!C:I079VmN5:6\qR2Lm,u@&OdfeYAhdE2YSqBobIV5X(3]&40^C#=NWpci~>endstream @g7PB2Sr4^Q'rI1(WXpmHUG=!e)1*Oo~>endstream /Length 520 /Height 47 << 497.6969 ] endobj << /BitsPerComponent 8 497.6969 ] 1 The Finite Horizon Case Environment Dynamic Programming Problem Bellman’s Equation Backward Induction Algorithm 2 The In nite Horizon Case Preliminaries for T !1 Bellman’s Equation … Gb"/h6'C7^#Xs1A6b?qhQ*qqH#`t:`\!e3;+!H(pWSBE4!!!#7)D2i,]*9[X]CmI&?kE)^7LLjd!JA2V+M.W+^lL9TFUS?@qYD$lc#4&!?hbrX+Fl`X">C+s#_!3c&AT:d!Z2&*!.t91i!Tg@!:Bgu^`WV%pj<7lEf$mc%KHJ/zz!!!!A#5S#`(47F]X,B:%FNRXnhBNj?6E"/F14u+YNoE8Afd^>unOF]1ntt23hrg,#2PIk2;^SgiPm4dYms;Zs]9+#6io<7FCU>.WGf7b5*cZ,1[@(KV/6l.:ikY)>G@&Z8T4F%Fgc^?LD4sHq$0Nc9CL`8Nnj$1YN(ZZAt?b-gAu5Q(@0u)XLnA^8?0kQF3uV!Cde4l/?CN1L*T%K5_"FqT>s)F$n7@..Xq^V>u$;VX_eDZq"-C*]CI@UPI7G==m5pN_?a&Rsf6_&c%ftgZ!\Y3aPPWqsfWXDFHJ+H,aSn2D_@@l?72J9G4U51BI*FmY1ltM6*'o,ca"u`bNa'R(Ds-OVLBWe1&L0;g/$d;R!N06`OBmPXrJ!'QP?+ZG%ShH7#+V4PhIh3m]GFb1#sWn(eSET-@3N/kXh6+IDd:tkVIgO]m^PX)AQ;D2a>QS?4#C**#3eT@_HtF2P?m&hRW7W*X&l0f_WDM[6?uLMgpj4P`iA7Wc6HlQ!Ysl#@L_lmjr+mWABf-".&V9K%J![_G%!4EVc%p!]W5,2lbg:geq*U.Qo?>M>-G\grhiYgLa65&>C\e;c&jkrq2"fs';-m).habrHE(;J?2E?E?k6?0DPrgZ**!$6Ezz!!!"dK\o)RFHZ@+2$Gmhj2g!-DIj4XB9BR+6C+sLuL'1fqJHi>[tVs9TK1^@^N1fK4J:=bDuY3!eUIYjR"E$J^[1rS3*YQ(PX45^f:G;WlEgG_e">m%;YUJFCZ.TccQz! 0 ] 0 << /A << /S /URI *]@&*-OQ_~>endstream /Height 37 % 'FormXob.f02465cdf5f2c324f0e04662e6ec22d9': class PDFImageXObject /Type /Page >> /Type /XObject 259.6281 /Subtype /Image /Height 50 /Type /Annot >> /Type /XObject There are good many books in algorithms which deal dynamic programming quite well. /Length 936 % 'FormXob.64d9f2eb61bb80d35e448f9c6682b2b4': class PDFImageXObject % 'Annot.NUMBER3': class PDFDictionary endobj endobj 79 0 obj 274.6778 /Length 15 0 ] /Subtype /Image 397.9469 109.9129 . stream /Subtype /Image /Width 73 >> /Type /Action << /BitsPerComponent 8 called dynamic programming. /FlateDecode ] 0 ] 0 ] /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB 43 0 obj /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /FormXob.6b2f4fef12ec75e8ba778479799a2b44 70 0 R /Type /XObject The term DP was coined by Richard E. Bellman in the 50s not as programming in the sense of producing computer code, but mathematical programming… 17 0 obj /FormXob.89f5f4c4b780218ba8cf5ee7ac7e4343 59 0 R 689.9469 /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /Border [ 0 /Type /XObject /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Width 173 >> 497.6969 216.1676 /Border [ 0 /F7 133 0 R >> 139.6829 /Rect [ 377.6327 497.6969 /FlateDecode ] Gb"/hbHA`:#XnXk+)P$CU5Ir`^];Alk3Qu#(`nlcEI0'd&4-XGCXKkL-]H;A;G#RYSZi^*bCYp:&M+]7ir@Dba>m/P?u\;-%9LrU@tC$8Ha!te*is!! % 'Annot.NUMBER43': class PDFDictionary /Border [ 0 719.9469 542.6969 ] endobj 83 0 obj /Rect [ 100.5229 841.8898 ] The mathematical state-ment of principle of optimality is remembered in his name as the Bellman Equation. /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellman_equation) >> stream This is why we present the books compilations in this website. )/+@M%G(LCo#G-k=cJ9p9,8XNS9e4T.2Dmr5s7lS)Wd:'R`RmWej-R*$JLD1U9eY&k"NL4hGpAeDdJIa..ko8"3o2Xkb>rPUMN2'BO.VCY^!\40YDCo?U9$gg_HX+5'P'*A`N^[imE]>`Y`40=aU6*+($#~>endstream 0 ] 535.9469 ] stream stream /Subtype /Link % 'FormXob.d43ca894b78dbf2095c6591baba515a4': class PDFImageXObject 337.3969 0 << /BitsPerComponent 8 /Border [ 0 /Type /Action @g7PB2Sr4^Q'rI1(WXpmHUG=!e)1*Oo~>endstream 748.9469 12 0 R Let us recall Bellman’s statement, noting that this statement was made in the context of certain decision processes where the notion of optimality regarding policies was associated with a preassigned criterion function defined over the final state variables. 156.0829 0 Gb"0N5n:[Q#R%sBs3[^q7R.N<2(9M>ALE?UU[-c_\G?qjQ!aXFoEIS/iIH:#*tDDg;L*).p(*R"@%0qB`;nGP"=V>h!PieaF;u8?on*7%W5Rk?[ZO<6T! endobj << /BitsPerComponent 8 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB 703.9469 /Border [ 0 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB 74 0 obj << /A << /S /URI 33 0 obj Gb"0N=V?6-#QW6>IqY]d7p2),.JO:ga%-N`;&0ZX+*Q$99&('ODf-n*jd%"Z-,Y_V:XEt+Hd%UApRF! /Type /Action /FormXob.240997dfa641bc8f11f49fdf4c5257b4 65 0 R /FlateDecode ] 8 0 obj endobj 222.3214 It provides a systematic procedure for determining the optimal com-bination of decisions. % 'FormXob.e7fdf0467c6f411a0fb5ffca832f23db': class PDFImageXObject Three ways to solve the Bellman Equation 4. /Border [ 0 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB 497.6969 /Subtype /Link % 'Annot.NUMBER19': class PDFDictionary /Subtype /Image Gb"/a5n3l=9L-kN3Pl^)(bFZUf2?Q#2(2WQ)QQA%,AL(/M?B:M_So[\1lsg?7s6g^UPRkMc<6SDm2o%h!b11$G;u%TJgeuJ+Cc:%N%mTno-^;iKXI(G-E2dYfGht5$afl,uendstream Reference: Bellman, R. 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Eye of the Hurricane, An Autobiography. 0 81 0 obj /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB 37 0 obj /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recursion) >> << /BitsPerComponent 8 stream Gb"/ia`8Ud$q0F]5?]cRiu*WRif]]08?dbkZO0?7+aN:#]o&O4MP;MVU*tnn.#O`IMP;MVU*q)(oe4Y:=WA3HbO<=O(lS!6Ctk`7?;8+?`>DWm=cA60NkEqB/F./(!gQ$JWjs1lh+fS5[ii&B"Iti]S:+6Chbj3>+::ti\<9&*P,WW1$a&PgkBAge[qB6%VT0Qd)oLdboKEh^"?U@A4_@'jsQo`S_g$7(Q9!5J9)NuSQ,'$P-:F09pd*:]IlfY2:Y"W1B`HfXXYgkS^+d:cO,,o'HOc5!?285+"=pjBj;EEo/F61?amUEjd^E^cCS!hfs@WENCI/[&`e6'H`@g(\a/4cW)lmG,b0E_WekWl>c)BL5nR5E7D2JQbspj2g@T'#3)XEH\&!P'XHPPGrG'^a&-fLej't[!_X3d<37G;j!^g0YhL',>Fsi0<0(Oh*BWe2Pck/^Ai"+*5s:8(+%Jt]:`"\4gcoqnROn2p#1R@VS&oFtBR&&]e2TlZ/$t[g@%fVo^7F@)qWMAXCaMT"#ppi%9KsYeFLlOg>J53_o)(cM39bcH)To84;+oc1G!TLV-/Zk?e?%Kdt%8]\MPK5E&YOMZ@+0-\C506!"WGhWAgLH,0ohmV&-&O:eiA)d'g4/OQ#O)E6d2&X)u/+>U;nJZoTgZqdQ/=m`Mu]C@^K`!Y2<8l[7:_c%P1I7@V2R^3ZnfeO06"W/1\^,@Qs_R1_+.D0&P3ZkIj4S(%1L6H:S,9_'__bJ)d'gXABU!Q$h#,Pln(!)/)Y$O)^CZ;UEJ^:(ho=ul_W1H@,"sf4aMg$OhD'UNn)dqAj@0f$@B13Z=Jtn#[p@G')WEO3$_iVk$>Hs1VS.e3/0*=E"u"dFGcoh,i"0\!gCF&f(=G4dSIeAfYr&VM1LZqT..P.g^6:H&.fIIi`[:"\pL>"p`>Z/o=r]=ctB#O*(?L6n//1tp-0>#p7-[bbsq@D[+1,bLhBP+gTfF62d%#W(5O6@!cJ;Y:eE`tOG>dL>aLcf?4)aR"UejD1;j]0A]A$_A,QApSo[FpPq6b,i1gIut>QJgE/S4o8m]$aN0Z!$\a^]bF5(EUsAd"'Q>]FiHaEA?["OG8HV9go9hW#P9KVCbo&pIWDD.0-%(=@dHi>WC$Nrh(.L+2VB39flfPZcXjI!agL2EeNoP67Y0b%J<5W#83::)I4:SbBga''LO(1tT,O@n5HYL#Ag*0LAnY(+U-?QQ#p&Tl]Tr7Mfgq)IdW;e.$$LuTPshOdaDU'Z11:hFmk"h/16:XDbXj_MVZe_eD8[4t#A?-FEaWb\pH,28@;stsh'=(KE\@(>&"984V,N]S6r]$LiukM>:bL. /Width 233 >> 4 0 R "I1Qendstream /Rect [ 498.6927 /Type /Action endobj /FlateDecode ] [WT!IA^E*8%m%Ojq4cc'a`EIJK#*T&QT_370-bhL/]YrHDHg*N+Dl%=mQ6nht;%ecV@9nnDAP,;fqk&!S6j`m`,_Q^q#U+-J#ENFI#6~>endstream 1 Introduction to dynamic programming. /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Subtype /Image 412.9469 ] /Height 47 endobj 102.6829 /Subtype /Link Gb"/c_%+@*$q'pl+,tH22GLQ3,^,?:iS/&5QoA\o>?b<9>6R&O\pi^8*K-%6ZX'"R%c-n4;n`PG6#h`T[ATV16Fq1#gG;*Y2QV[RS^ZJ^Xt86;^9f/Z!]rZpXSJ2;'hB@Hh%3M]:Bkno]q@(.*p(ehCd4KQ:b"`1"A_f@IWNht0d*bGVYh,d=^(;_KD)B0ODQ.T:Q]3CcWf%(r. 52 0 R 718.9469 ] 0 /FlateDecode ] 4 0 obj 530.0827 /Type /Annot >> /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode 461.9469 0 ] /Length 780 endobj /Width 43 >> 87 0 obj endobj 48 0 obj endobj stream 114.5969 ] 80 0 R 387.6599 531.9982 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Border [ 0 79 0 R 99.59687 0 ] Dynamic Programming is a very general solution method for problems which have two properties: Optimal substructure Principle of optimality applies Optimal solution can be decomposed into subproblems Overlapping subproblems Subproblems recur many times Solutions can be cached and reused Markov decision processes satisfy both properties Bellman equation gives recursive … stream 700.9469 84.59687 /FlateDecode ] /Length 2579 /Type /Annot >> . /Rect [ 74.69291 /FormXob.d43ca894b78dbf2095c6591baba515a4 78 0 R /Subtype /Link 0 ] /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language) >> 59 0 obj endobj /Type /XObject /Border [ 0 0 ] << /A << /S /URI 18 0 obj /Width 607 >> /Length 665 /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_science) >> 482.6969 ] /Height 43 /FormXob.259737109518d6104fe35d5cd9a74d71 58 0 R /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB Gb"/bdB:D1#XnRi+5P`5DR+8_;A>@hSb'@LEZF:g&jcjIKFgIt3RV_94O!KXDW9,.$JTN(Uh"$4K`W(-kc^g,O\c@3WNnsf^f6-TF`pk*7.CAGh)('R"PhIR`rUuI8BSF:bi]#n:umWX':2<1W8$KpRLn:I[Rfq3f9]MkWN69#k[2I.Er%kJ9a">OG2LpQNt4Pn;9&USpYHnb"?5qg#po7OL9L@?]INCd;uPP/q;VBdsY3!GGju-7N]lph^FGg&%/X3F^^!:I(uQUOIgEbnYI!Cj`1*.Y8hH[e`1[A'_]Lmp:N#CK#=^^^9@)WNPDc]rMohSXDWo@=hZH--uR?@'m"N\Nn9Q#o9'RM8NIbBWeUXpFZ%m=K8UXnXfhSQ=:FTi:k5WbMKoL52?$C/!WfI,9-^;5:^qFZkHCd(Ma1[dR:0F-@Js96E[Zeg]t&bJS)])h+L"+6j)o=DQ[Gh4[or&:Kmb$oRhJQ.eW$#aE2r>T>A6$tCF7mq(Bk'`2Y/ZpC*#Kd.=[k*/XP#TL+YD+_'."e,0]B4E3t_qf=.p?>;n=OCH@5QR^!5dBr9I>i^rai-Y=/k`]O,O@h_f4@d+?];BYnlN.UY)/W_]E'Q@BZ"mTmb(?%8aJb*'IEOk]7IZPsU^j.N^W'=]b'TN5*L@Zm7:SYQVb9reccKiZb.! 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