Pathogen Conidiophores are in group, geniculate, mid dark brown, pale near the apex and smooth. Infection requires a combination of light, free water, and warm temperatures (75-85°F). Typical symptoms on leaves are evenly distributed oval-shaped lesions, up to 1 cm in length. Cultural Practices. Note: predatory earwigs are usually larger and light brown in colour. Irrigate the crops at the time of earhead emergence to maturity. Maize, including sweet corn, ginger and sorghum are the main hosts, but also found on capsicum and sugarcane, and more recently a pest of cotton. Grow disease tolerant varieties viz., SN-65, SWS-8029, Diva and Zenit. 1. Management. The lesions expand further and join together to eventually cover the whole leaf; Act when 5-10 spots per leaf are observed or 2-3 leaves are infected per maize plant Disease management can also be aided by minimizing crop residue through clean plowing and implementing crop rotations in fields where disease has occurred. Brown spot : Questions: Download Notes: MAIZE :: MAJOR DISEASES :: DOWNY MILDEW . Dark-purple, round spots may also occur on leaf sheaths, stalk, and sometimes on the outer ear husks and tassels of maize Management and Control 1. Brown spot disease on maize Brown spot disease (Physoderma maydis) on maize: the first noticeable symptoms develop on leaf blades and consist of small chlorotic spots, arranged in alternate bands of diseased and healthy tissue.Spots on the mid-ribs are circular and dark brown… Severe outbreaks can result in total crop failure. Rust - Puccinia sorghi Symptoms Circular to oval, elongated cinnamon-brown powdery pustules are scattered over both surface of the leaves. Any cultural practices that minimize plant stress will reduce the risk of charcoal rot. Lesions also occur on the leaf midrib – a key identifying characteristic. Cochliobolus miyabeanus may cause a wide range of symptoms. Septoria brown spot typically does not require management because it rarely causes significant losses. White downy growth is seen on the lower surface of leaf. Gray leaf spot on maize ... Brown Spots with yellow rings throughout the leaf during the growing period of the Cassava 2. Please refer to Table 1 for disease response to specific management practices. Lupins are most susceptible to this disease in the colder parts of the wheatbelt and on soil types less favourable for lupin growth. leaf streak lesions are usually thinner than those of narrow brown spot narrow brown spot lesions are not translucent, nor do they produce bacterial ooze When the advancing part of the streaks are cut and placed in a glass with water, a mass of bacterial cells can usually be seen oozing out of the leaf, which makes the water turbid after five minutes. It is recorded on maize from Solomon Islands. The main objective of this article to provide best knowledge of maize disease and management so that maize production in India should be improved. It is a pathogen of the maize, causing a disease known as brown spot of maize or brown spot of corn. Physoderma brown spot is more prevalent in wet growing seasons. The spots may occur in bands across the leaf blade. - internal tissues of roots and tubers stained brown and may rot due to secondary fungus infection. Management • Scraping field bunds and summer ploughings to destroy eggs, dusting cabaryl 10D or malathion 5D @ 10 kg/ac or foliar spraying with fenitrothion 2 ml/l found effective in their management. Lesions on the upper parts of plants extend rapidly coalescing with each other to cover entire tillers from the water line to the flag leaf. The brown spot infected leaf samples were collected from five major rice growing location of Tamil Nadu. Reported yield losses in relative terms vary widely from 4 to 52 %. along field edges) may be successful. Spray late in the afternoon to increase the likelihood of contact with feeding caterpillars (dusk‐night). In some cases, severe symptoms have been observed. The Xanthomonas bacteria produce small brown angular and/or circular spots bordered by a yellow tint. Rice brown spot is the one of the most important disease of rice, a major cause of Bengal famine. Remove volunteer maize and/or sweet corn plants. Serious cases can lead to holes throughout the lesions on the leaf . Family: Physodermataceae. Bacterial Stalk Rot: Symptoms & Life Cycle. The surface is covered with olive green velvetty masses of conidia and conidiophores. If crop rotation is used to manage frogeye leaf spot, incidence of brown spot will also be reduced the next time soybeans are grown in the field. Management strategies include the use of resistant hybrids. Physoderma maydis; Maize leaf showing infection by Physoderma maydis: Scientific classification; Kingdom: Fungi. Rice brown spot (BS) is a chronic disease that affects millions of hectares of rice every growing season, grown by some of the most resource-poor farmers. A review on crop losses, epidemiology and disease management of rice brown spot to identify research priorities and knowledge gaps M. K. Barnwal & A. Kotasthane & N. Magculia & P. K. Mukherjee & S. Savary & A. K. Sharma & H. B. Singh & U. S. Singh & A. H. Sparks & M. Variar & N. Zaidi Accepted: 18 February 2013 /Published online: 10 March 2013 CULTURAL CONTROL. Division: Blastocladiomycota. Symptoms appear as small, round to oblong spots on the leaves, generally occurring in bands. Most of these diseases are prevalent on maize in the humid coastal and rainforest areas if the tropics and are less troublesome in the drier areas of the interior. Plants grown in conditions of high temperatures, drought or poor fertility (too high or too low) are most susceptible. Long crop rotation with crops that are not natural host of the fungus. The spots gradually increase in area into bigger elliptical spots and are straw to grayish brown in the centre with dark brown margins. As the spots enlarge, the centre becomes greyish white with an irregular blackish brown or purple brown border. Order: Blastocladiales. In contrast, maize in the non-traditional areas is grown for commercial purposes-i.e., mainly to meet the feed requirements of the booming poultry sector. The spots become long, narrow, rectangular dark brown lesions running parallel with the leaf veins. Brown spot - Physoderma maydis Water soaked lesions, which are oval, later turn into light green and finally brown… Genetic Resistance The shorter-season varieties reduce the time for dry conditions during fill. Midrib lesions are typically purplish or black. Plants exhibit a stunted and bushy appearance due to shortening of the internodes. Causal organism: Fungus: Physoderma maydis Symptoms: 1. IPM in Maize • Cultural Practices • Deep summer ploughing followed by fallowing helps in exposing resting stage of pests. Genus: Physoderma . The disease has recently appeared in New South Wales in sweet corn and maize crops. 2 Brown spot Physoderma maydis The disease normally occurs in areas of high rainfall and high mean temperatures. Despite its widespread occurrence and impact, much still needs to be understood about BS. Physoderma brown spot . 70 71. Hosts include Oryza (Asian rice), Leersia (Cutgrass), Zizania (Wild rice), and other species as well such as Echinochloa colona (junglerice) and Zea mays (maize). They hatch after 3-4 days and the caterpillars go through five stages. Severe cases- leaf drying, shoot die-back 4. Symptoms Eyespot presents as many circular to oval spots on the leaf which may coalesce to form large areas of dead tissue. Cause. The spots will appear water-soaked in the early stages and will eventually dry out once lesions are older. Brown spot lesion s fir st appear as very small, rou nd-to-ob long, y ellowish spots on the leaf blade (Figure 1) , leaf she ath (Figu re 2), st alk, and r arely on the husks and tassel of the outer ear. Lesions often occur in bands across the leaf, a result of infection happening while leaves are in the whorl. The various fungi that cause the disease infects sweet corn and maize cobs, causing a yield reduction in both. However, accurate, systematic estimates are lacking. Brown leaf spotis one of the most important fungal diseases of lupins in Australia and is widespread. Eggs are laid in groups at the base and underside of leaves. It attacks leaves, leaf sheaths, stalks, and sometimes outer 1. yellowing along veins on lower/older leaves ~ 3 months after planting 2. dark brown spots on upper green portion of stem ~ 6 months after planting 3. Class: Blastocladiomycetes. Symptoms The most characteristic symptom is the development of chlorotic streaks on the leaves. Treat the seeds with Carbendazim or Captan at 2 g/kg. cause brown spot, Cercospora leaf blight and frogeye leaf spot produce spores that overwinter in soybean residue. Major insect pests of maize and their management There are four major pests of maize prevalent in India. Infected leaves will have numerous small yellowish or brown spots. Hybrids vary in their susceptibility to the disease, and crop rotation and tillage reduce survival of inoculum. INTRODUCTION. Binomial name; Physoderma … The spots coalesce giving blighted appearance. • Spray Mancozeb 2 kg or captan 1 kg/ha. MAIZE RUST . Leaf infection occurs in the whorl when water is present for an extended time. The forewing of adult female moth is brown-yellowish with darker scale patterns forming longitudinal stripes. Most of the important diseases of maize are foliar and the more common ones are rusts, leaf blights, leaf spots, brown spots, downy mildew, and maize streak virus (MSV). Fungus. The spots are brown, with greyish centres when fully developed. Lesions that are 0.15-0.2 cm in diameter 3. Before planting: Do not grow maize on the same land, one crop after another. Brown spot, caused by C. miyabeanus, typically affects the leaves and glumes of the host plant, although seedlings, and the sheaths, stems and grains of adult plants may also be affected. Soybean varieties are not available with resistance to this disease, but varieties can vary in their susceptibility. Diseases of Maize Downy mildew/Crazy top ... Management • Treat the seeds with Captan or Thiram at 4 g/kg. Management. Comments. Disease management. Symptoms also can occur on the leaf sheath as dark purple circular lesions, which may be confused with "purple leaf … Species: P. maydis. Conidia are … Downy growth also occurs on bracts of green unopened male flowers in … Toxins produced by the fungus in maize can also have serious implications to the end use of the grain. On the other hand, the Pseudomonas bacteria cause red-brown angular and/or circular spots that can distort the affected leaf. Spots on maize leaf, expanding and joining together, ... Look for the pale brown spots, at first on the lower leaves, oval, later rectangular, and rapidly joining together, destroying the leaves. Leaf symptoms of Physoderma brown spot are distinctive. Brown spot : Questions: Download Notes: MAIZE :: MINOR DISEASES :: BROWN SPOT . Management. Lesions start as small yellowish spots that latter turn dark-purple to black, oval spots usually occur on the midribs of leaves 2. Physoderma brown spot, caused by the pathogen Physoderma maydis, is making an appearance in Illinois cornfields. ... Spot treatments (e.g. Brown spot of rice is a plant fungal disease that usually occurs on the host leaves and glume, as well as seedlings, sheaths, stems and grains of adult host plants. Grey leaf spot of maize is a serious foliar disease of Zea mays in many countries where it is cultivated, especially in the eastern U.S.A. and Africa (Ward et al. The larval period is completed in about 14-28 days. The larva is creamy pink to yellowish brown with 4 rows of dotted stripes along the back with reddish brown head.