Smuggling, in turn, exacerbates the informalization of West African economies directly by serving as an important avenue for entrepreneurship, employment, and income and indirectly by promoting a culture of corruption and tax evasion. This bulletin summarizes informal trade across selected borders of Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Sudan, and South Sudan and DRC. Maximising the Export Potentials of Nigerian Non-Oil ~[Ô\ànÖa:ÒIQēA5‹Ú(0nÆi­Pcº7a™’mÐf×q¸›«ÔÄş?#*ԇ7dªÎ:˜-“6ó²(:¾o|jL#¸s”GÈ­L"@Z¸„`mۗX£wH\iˆåxôÌ£¤Éi`ń1ð‘gbÈÅðà^i`cvž¼µÊæéyý]‘O녺lJÒ,û¿¸ûmyöv æåx0%Mß >Àýýî{7w¯šRȼŸ¶«+v2fžu‹¾lí+ØAÖ¡&bšÑ[¾!ª‡,I=æâlæïÏYÉ%Ü4s˜rÉ@՞ŸÑið_? Measuring cross border trade in Africa On the one hand, there is a clear problem of reporting with respect to African trade data in international databases such as COMTRADE . documentary requirements for goods with a value of US $500. Brenton, E. and C. Soprano. English Language in addition to any other language of transaction; the goods shall be confiscated. The data was analyzed, and the results revealed significant women marginalization across all dimensions within the horticultural value chain. HÆMOGLOBIN C is associated with West Africa rather than with Africa as a whole. The, should engage Kabo Air, Arik Air, Max Air, Virgin Nigeria, IRS, governments of Nigeria and Niger Republic to facilitate this initiative, only between Nigeria and Niger Republic but, quality documents, transport documents and financial documents, should be made compulsory for a formal cross border trade. Nigeria has very high import tariffs and bans on certain products. Tanzania usually, exports to Kenya. This study discloses that smallholder women farmers are undermined in decisions involving the choice of crops; what land sizes to own; where to sell their produce; and the use of money. The main objectives of this event were to elevate the voices of communities directly affected by borderland policies and to examine borderlands programming through cross-border and ‘community-centred’ approaches. ICTSD Bridges Africa. In the Southern African Development Community (SADC), for example, it makes up an estimated 30- 40 percent of total intra-SADC trade, with an estimated value of $17.6bn. Cross border trade. Cross Border Trade in West Africa: An Assessment of Nigeria and Niger Republic, Addressing the Linkages between Gender and Transport in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Inequality of value and Gender (dis)empowerment along the horticultural value chain in Malawi: The role of supermarkets and other big players, Regional Integration, Fragility and Institution Building: An Analytical Framework Applied to the African Context, Theory and Practice of Regional Integration. July 2019 Volume 26 *Additional products may be covered in the annexes. TradeMark East Africa (TMEA) is an aid-for-trade organisation that was established with the aim of growing prosperity in East Africa through increased trade. Nigeria and land‐locked Sahelian countries. © 2008-2020 ResearchGate GmbH. This paper explores smuggling from Benin and Togo into Nigeria. It is a crucial coping measure for poor households; especially when unemployment is high and it also address mass poverty if the rules governing it take into consideration the interests of the poor and … Although existing literature has investigated the benefits and effectiveness of the protocol in West African Sub-region. people with hæmoglobin C (ref. 3 February 2008, State collapse and regional contagion in sub-Sahara Africa: Lessons for Zimbabwe, Trade, Exchange Rate, and Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa, Regional integration in Africa : the case of ECOWAS /. Key cross-border food staples traded between East African states are maize and maize flour, beans, wheat and wheat flour, rice, sorghum and sorghum flour, and sesame (East Africa Cross-Border Trade Bulletin, 2017). ... Cross-border dynamics are a key consideration in the work of Conciliation Resources, an international peacebuilding NGO. Key issues explored include tariffs and quotas, membership of the CFA Zone, and currency convertibility or inconvertibility, as well as smuggling, corruption, parallel markets in goods and currencies, ethnic diversity and redistribution. Thus Allison3 saw hæmoglobin C in 6 per cent of 104 Yoruba resident in Ghana, and Walters and Lehmann4 in 7 per cent of 940 inhabitants of a Yoruba village 40 miles north-east of Lagos. We argue that the results are not driven by differences in price volatility or observables across borders. This essay will point out these patterns. Figure 1: Main Staple Food Commodities Informally Traded Across Selected Borders in Eastern Africa in the First Quarter of 2019. SearchInAfrica.com - Business Directory and online map for information on business, community, government, entertainment & recreation for Africa Due attention is paid to intersections and synergies that can be created between different development sectors, emerging transport modes, data and modeling exercises, gender equality and sustainability. • There is need for farmers to be educated on existing markets, their access, and prevailing conditions. Benin and to a lesser extent Togo are the origin of a very large volume of transshipment of precisely those products which are heavily protected in Nigeria, such as used cars, cloth and rice. Smuggling is a major source of income and employment in Benin and Togo, but provides a fragile and unreliable foundation for economic development. By. • Autonomy should be given to women with regards to decisions concerning crop selection, land sizes, where to sell crops, and money use. However, the Namanga border is 930km. South Africa, despite its location at the southern most tip of the African continent, is surrounded by five local borders. This study interrogates the ECOWAS Free Movement Protocol vis-à-vis trans-border security in West Africa. Source: FEWSNET and EAGC Africa Cross-Border Learning Conference’ on 25 and 26 February 2019. [Introduction]. This policy levers are as follows: “War and Peace” in Western Sahara: Restoring Cross-Border Trade with Africa. phil. ;GlM§ñÁŽÈ¹aìÈ>Çä‰Â;²Ÿzö¦„É®—+5°tí‰ü°_•®­¸8ê†áì…Ñh=ÆHå¸ÌL˜ü †r?èîâí»Åï8ÛòV×qVö*s¡­ƒãE¨89`½äüÈÚþ-63þBÂçLX÷Š³Hh—ÙM/iåßÓD†‚¡ì+£¡¥« Ö(å >oúRºÏ«\”=rÁšMºŸ×þ=á_Ғµ¾°«ÿEŽnöܾžÐÕvý œýŸÞ‡ü¯&ÏãHÈ )tÎrª1ò «ß¾ùý» yéM‘‹Èy¶cÚR¯û7Ù¯ö=éaZ÷ñjf,ƒ8ÊDA”JÝ~çU‰ðuê¨Ïø«PΛ€xËNç'7Š2ÒáE@煺gZ*ŽrÉôp^PNÁ–'¢ÿÂãº|¶ïj@ß«"‚Xяq ÞÔª€ÙtËÃ;_~|V,ÃÓéÆ÷×àä¼ }úvŒÉp¿™7aôaûÉÙíá<1_ý°ßm}P&®G¬±ŽTÁì'ÞÁ/ðð}2ÃóÝRK. TMEA will further support GOU implement a comprehensive cross border strategy that will increase participation SMEs and women so they can benefit from these trade interventions”. It, ascertains the quality of primary Agricultural commodities for export, overseas. • Smallholder farmers need to be made aware of supermarkets’ concerns, which include: transportation conditions, consistency of supply, and the quality of produce. This report provides an update of country and sector-level trends in foreign direct investments (FDI) flows and announcements in cross-border investments in Compact with Africa countries. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series, Vol. Togo competes at a geographic disadvantage relative to Benin for access to the Nigerian market and compensates with lower transit taxes. ÷Øê >f®eö»57„²‘!M®ä -PÍ̓¾,'¦o3ä\w/&£9õnÈÑ3{é…C&Åøú§6´(õ`rø’ŒS“–>þòÞv»%åâÄj&c¡‰]š»¢ Þôï]ԜQ¼^Ðrgõzr[§ ¡É-göÁ In East Africa, cross-border trade is characterized by inefficiencies, high transaction costs and low competitiveness. The primary aims of the conference were to: enable The study of regional integration, of how national units come to share part or all of their decisional authority with an emerging international organization, is one of the areas of political inquiry in which a cumulative research tradition has developed. that, cross border trade is facing downturns in the Sub Saharan Africa as a result of insecurity or insurgency which reduces the level of export and import … Rooted in the history of the topic and the emerging ideas on smart, green and integrated transport, this paper presents a literature review of on gender and transport in the low- and middle-income countries. Secondly, the recent bills mostly address equality issues, with equity issues being ignored. More attention to the migratory aspects of cross-border trade and the specific characteristics of women’s migration can enhance the scope of female traders’ cross-border economic activity. It was created by the then colonial masters following the scramble and partition of Africa Berlin Conference held from 1884 to 1885 in Germany. Considering the efforts, region, these countries need to reinforce their trade rela, attempt to strengthen the Bilateral Relations between Nigeria and Niger. It differs in that respect from hæmoglobin S, which is distributed throughout that continent south of the Sahara and north of the River Zambezi. Literaturverz. Farm Africa is working to promote cross-border trade in eastern Africa, helping smallholder farmers to sell their surpluses and increase their incomes. It is common knowledge in Benin and Togo that these imports, although declared for domestic consumption or transit to other countries, are in fact overwhelmingly intended for Nigeria. Cor-ruption and bureaucracy at customs open the door to smuggling activities of large informal firms (chapter 4) and kinship networks (chapter 8). Lack of formal employment opportunities in most African countries make informal economic activities the only viable income-generating opportunities. Inside the illegal trade in West Africa’s cultural heritage . CROSS-BORDER trade recorded a surplus of 1.50tri/-, equivalent to 46.7 per cent in the quarter ending March 2020, which is higher than 1.02tri/- registered in the corresponding quarter last year. Transport Infrastructure Boosting Africa’s Cross Border Trade. • Since women with high school education are able to create more value, policies focusing on the education of the girl child need to be reinforced around smallholder farmers. Lahcen Haddad - Lahcen Haddad is a Strategic Studies Expert. Adulugba, D. I. Diss. According to East Africa Cross Border Trade Bul letin (2014: 1-3), cross border trade between East African states is mainly on sorghum, rice, sugar, wheat, Informal cross-border trade (ICBT) constitutes a major form of informal activity in most African countries. The international border effect is lower, however, if the cross-border markets share a common ethnicity. same country. Africa’s share of world trade is tiny””only 3 percent in 2009, according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, but trade between nations is miniscule, making up only 10 percent of total trade. Afolayan (2000) points out the following characteristics which better describe, and strengthen the international relations among the citizens of, According to Otowo (2010), for any firm or regis, quality documents, transport documents and, the government of importing country or exporting country may, addresses it to the Importing country (Niger Republic) for instance. Share this: Tweet; More; Africa could soon be the largest free-trade area in the world. The informality refers to the status of the trader (unregistered), not necessarily to the trade itself (captured or unrecorded by the official customs system). The volume and composition of cross‐border trade is analysed using data obtained from Benin and Togo customs authorities, as well as interviews with traders and customs officials in both countries. Unfortunately, these documents are, One must understand the divergences between the two countr, impacts on transactions with particular reference to cross border trade, numerous shortcomings which affect the economic growth and development, such as Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) which, intend to foster smooth running of goods, people and services. The paper presents a host of cross-cutting topics with a concentrated focus on spatial and transport planning. Uganda will benefit from another round of funding to improve cross border trade with regional countries, the chief executive officer Trademark East Africa (TMEA), Mr Frank Matsaert, has revealed. He was near Mopti, in central Mali, he told us, and was in the midst of illegally excavating one of Mali’s thousands of archaeological sites. Spread the love. • The constraints faced by smallholder farmers with regards to supermarket access should be made known to supermarkets. (ECOWAS) regional trading agreements. This facilitates, and prevalent to all. • Identify and strengthen existing groups that enhance value, particularly sellers’ group in the case of males and farmers group for women 01. Other bulk foodstuffs consumed in West Africa, such as rice, sugar, and wheat, are largely imported from Asia, Europe, and North America and then distributed around the region. “comparative advantage” of each other, forms of trade. Informal cross-border trade is trade between neighbouring countries conducted by vulnerable, small, unregistered traders. This is a problem, of course, primarily for Sub-Sahara Africa, but increasingly, as well, for the rest of the world that has interests in that continent. The data used was obtained through a survey of farmers, and other players in the value chain. The demar-cation between domestic and foreign trading is very fluid in Africa. Informal Cross Border Trade (ICBT) plays an important role in developing countries and act as accelerator of economic development, regional development of the borderland areas. Similar high incidences were found in the French territories bordering northern Ghana2. • The government is called upon to fast track the establishment of the agricultural bank, and also consider specific horticulture credit However, to date, this form of trade is not typically recorded in government statistics leading to an obfuscation of data and consequently the roles and needs of women traders. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how regional integration processes may contribute to statebuilding and promote exit from fragility for countries characterised by weak state institutions. In order to accomplish that, the paper adopts qualitative methods of data collection and analysis. Action should target governments so as to exonerate women smallholder framers. The report follows previous analysis released during the 2018 World bank Group/IMF Spring Meetings. Nigeria: Waptech Limited. Large informal enterprises are inti-mately involved throughout the distribution process and interact in complex ways with formal importers and shipping companies such as Balloré, Maersk, and Grimaldi. CROSS BORDER VEHICLE TRADER CC Walvis Bay Namibia. 2019-06-18. In general, smallholder farmers face constraints of various kinds, one of them being market access. We provide suggestive evidence that the primary mechanism behind the internal border effect is related to the role of ethnicity in facilitating access to credit in agricultural markets. Based on the results, a number of policy proposals are suggested, which can be the basis of designing intervention strategies. Bugingo, E. 2018. Customs officials from around Africa gave a nod to the adoption of continental guidelines to facilitate the free flow of cross-border trade. Small-Scale Cross-Border Trade in Africa Why It Matters and How It Should Be Supported. 2020-11-27. The gendered effects are significant given that 70%-80% of African traders involved in ICBT are women [109], Maximising the Export Potentials of Nigerian Non-Oil products. Typically, it is proximity trade involving the move of produce between markets close to the border. It was late summer 2019 when Bourama* answered his phone. Nov 19, 2020. The project is part a Ksh1.31 billion ($13.1 million) agreement signed between the government of Kenya and Trade Mark East Africa on November 3. products. "2 The United Nations is trying to restore order to numerous collapsed states in Africa. This suggests that ethnic similarities diminishing international border effects could enhance international market integration, and ethnic differences could contribute to intranational market segmentation in sub-Saharan Africa. In view of this development, Hentz (2004: border networks in the sub Sahara Africa. different integration schemes to foster cooperation and development among member states; the most important among all is the Free Movement Protocol. Empowering Women by Supporting Small-Scale Cross-Border Trade. 2018. trade in South Africa stands at US $17.6 billion per year. 86. The present purported international boundary between Nigeria and Niger Republic is artificial. The paper then reviews the specific regional experiences of Sub-Saharan countries and their inter-actions with fragility issues. Government therefore needs to give more advantages to women, due to past discrimination, which will in the long-run resolve issues of equity. After presenting a simple conceptual framework to discuss the effects of external and regional integration on fragile states, we analyse the policy trade-offs that may arise in such contexts. In this paper I shall briefly outline the classical theories of integration, especially neofunctionalism, which dominated the debate about European integration from the very beginning in the 1950s until the early 1990s. The results from this work underscore the importance of policy intervention to correct these existing inequalities. TradeMark East Africa (TMEA), an organization that promotes cross-border trade in the subregion, reports that women conduct up to 74% of the informal trade … Next I want to outline what I consider the most important contribution to integration theory in the last 10-15 years, namely Andrew Moravcsik’s liberal intergovernmentalism. Estimates of intra-Africa trade generally do not include informal cross-border trade (ICBT). Case studies of important macroeconomic events are used to establish basic stylized facts from which the theory emerges, and special attention is paid to the consequences of macroeconomic events for the poor, via the food market or traditional redistribution mechanisms. I Zürich. Proper support such as transportation storage and value addition can assist in improving value. Informal cross-border trade (ICBT) represents a prominent phenomenon in Africa. Regional exchange in traditional local food staples such as millet predates present national borders. In the Headlines Oigara: This is … Ethnicity is also linked to higher price dispersion within Niger; we find a significant intranational border effect between markets in different ethnic regions of the country. The paper proposes viable suggestions on how to improve cross border trade in the two countries and in other parts of Africa. In seeking to reduce the cost, time and complexity of interregional and international trade in goods, the first “African Forum for National Trade Facilitation Committees (NTFCs): Empowering Public-Private Partnership for Trade Facilitation” was held at the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA)'s Conference Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from 27 … Cross-border trade is often their only source of livelihoods: according to a ILO study, about 60 percent of non-agricultural self-employment of women in Sub-Saharan Africa comes from trade. This paper provides a review of existing efforts to measure informal trade. Cash crops and petroleum extracted in Nigeria are also distrib-uted in West Africa through informal circuits. A regressiondiscontinuity analysis also confirms a significant price change at the international border. Women of the same status as men, in most instances were disadvantaged regarding value access. Cross-border food trade in the South African sub-region focusses on rice, beans and maize (Ibrahim, 2015: 140). 3 years ago 4 min read. Garlick and Barnicot5 examined 305 Yoruba school-children in Ibadan and found hæmoglobin C in 6.5 per cent. I will finish with a brief case study, asking what we can learn in theory and practice from the rise and fall of the Constitutional Treaty. Informal Cross Border-Trade and Trade Facilitation Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa. Smallholder farmers are of the view that actions by government bodies, NGOs, and supermarkets could help enhance their value generation. Group (FSNWG) monitors informal cross-border trade of 88 food commodities and livestock in eastern Africa in order to quantify the impact on regional food security. ICBT is rarely illegal. It will briefly describe and explain state collapse in West Africa and in Central Africa. This could be done by providing technical and managerial assistance where necessary. However, the benefits of regional cooperation amongst West African states cannot be sacrificed on the altar of the political interests of Nigeria as previously claimed. These border crossings present ample opportunity for cross border trade, but it is important to have the correct documentation and information before you attempt to import or export across local borders. On the other hand, Peter Little in African Economic Brief (2012: 6) noted that, ensures consumption of safe food products. Studies across the continent indicate that ICBT is substantial and that it includes both agricultural as well as industrial goods. Chapter 9, ECOWAS Protocol on Free Movement and Trans-border Security in West Africa. OECD Trade Working Paper No. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. These constraints include: high transport costs, high supermarket standards, unfavourable methods of payments, and capacity. Inequality between men and women was also established by their different capacity endowments. On the, Baldwin (1993: 17) describes integration within a given territory on, Therefore, regional integration is what will harmonise the existing challen, aimed at addressing the challenges of structural economic change (cross, The early proponents who developed the theory of Regional Integration, integration as “the attainment within a territory of a sense of community and, of institutions and practices strong enough and widespread enough to assure, According to Schmitter (1970: 836), the Regional Integration entails how, national units or different countries located in a given territory come to share, records of the transaction, no documentation of. Universität, Zürich. The illicit trade in fuel is a growing challenge in Southern Africa. Cross Border trade woes | Bottomline Africa . The similarity of some Egyptian echinoid taxa to species recorded from northeast Brazil suggests a continued trans-Atlantic link during the Cenomanian. Finally, we discuss policy implications for the EU in the context of its regional trade and development policies with African fragile countries. Hence, the c, and Niger Republic is confronting serious challenge with regards to the, and Niger Republic diverts the attention of, control of products for particular company in one country, affect its business partner in neighbouring country.