(c) Except under exceptional circumstances, a student is listed as principal author on any multiple-authored article that is substantially based on the student's doctoral dissertation. (f) Psychologists perform surgical procedures under appropriate anesthesia and follow techniques to avoid infection and minimize pain during and after surgery. In situations in which deception may be ethically justifiable to maximize benefits and minimize harm, psychologists have a serious obligation to consider the need for, the possible consequences of, and their responsibility to correct any resulting mistrust or other harmful effects that arise from the use of such techniques. By being aware of potential conflicts in ethics beforehand, psychologists can take preventive measures to avoid having to face an ethical dilemma. 6.04 Fees and Financial Arrangements (1963). Licensed clinical psychologists will encounter many ethical dilemmas regarding competency during their careers. Psychologists do not engage in sexual relationships with students or supervisees who are in their department, agency, or training center or over whom psychologists have or are likely to have evaluative authority. (See also Standards 8.03, Informed Consent for Recording Voices and Images in Research; 8.05, Dispensing with Informed Consent for Research; and 8.07, Deception in Research. (See also Standards 10.09, Interruption of Therapy, and 10.10, Terminating Therapy. 4.07 Use of Confidential Information for Didactic or Other Purposes (a) Psychologists delivering services to or through organizations provide information beforehand to clients and when appropriate those directly affected by the services about (1) the nature and objectives of the services, (2) the intended recipients, (3) which of the individuals are clients, (4) the relationship the psychologist will have with each person and the organization, (5) the probable uses of services provided and information obtained, (6) who will have access to the information, and (7) limits of confidentiality. According to Sporrong and colleagues, ethical competence at work requires the ability to integrate perception, reflection, and action, and to understand oneself as being responsible for one’s own actions. 1.03 Conflicts Between Ethics and Organizational Demands When such validity or reliability has not been established, psychologists describe the strengths and limitations of test results and interpretation. American Psychologist, 14, 279-282. (a) When individual or group therapy is a program or course requirement, psychologists responsible for that program allow students in undergraduate and graduate programs the option of selecting such therapy from practitioners unaffiliated with the program. Ethical Principles of Psychologists and... Rules and Procedures of the APA Ethics Committee, 1.02, Conflicts Between Ethics and Law, Regulations, or Other Governing Legal Authority, 1.03, Conflicts Between Ethics and Organizational Demands, 1.04, Informal Resolution of Ethical Violations, 1.08, Unfair Discrimination Against Complainants and Respondents, 7.07, Sexual Relationships with Students and Supervisees, 10.05, Sexual Intimacies with Current Therapy Clients/Patients, 10.06, Sexual Intimacies with Relatives or Significant Others of Current Therapy Clients/Patients, 10.07, Therapy with Former Sexual Partners, 10.08, Sexual Intimacies with Former Therapy Clients/Patients, 6.02c, Maintenance, Dissemination, and Disposal of Confidential Records of Professional and Scientific Work, 8.03, Informed Consent for Recording Voices and Images in Research, 8.05, Dispensing with Informed Consent for Research, 2.04, Bases for Scientific and Professional Judgments, 6.01, Documentation of Professional and Scientific Work and Maintenance of Records, 3.12, Interruption of Psychological Services, 3.09, Cooperation with Other Professionals, 5.03, Descriptions of Workshops and Non-Degree-Granting Educational Programs, 5.01, Avoidance of False or Deceptive Statements, 7.02, Descriptions of Education and Training Programs, 5.01a, Avoidance of False or Deceptive Statements, 4.02, Discussing the Limits of Confidentiality, 2018 APA Ethics Committee Rules and Procedures, APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (2017), Revision of Ethical Standard 3.04 of the “Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct” (2002, as Amended 2010), 2010 Amendments to the 2002 "Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct", © 2020 American Psychological Association. The APA first published their ethics code in 1953 and has been continuously evolving the code ever since. 8.11 Plagiarism Psychologists may refrain from releasing test data to protect a client/patient or others from substantial harm or misuse or misrepresentation of the data or the test, recognizing that in many instances release of confidential information under these circumstances is regulated by law. The newsletter highlights recent selections from the journal and useful tips from our blog. Psychologists recognize that fairness and justice entitle all persons to access to and benefit from the contributions of psychology and to equal quality in the processes, procedures, and services being conducted by psychologists. Discuss ethical standards pertaining to (a) Psychologists provide services, teach, and conduct research with … Yet, it is associated with poor mental and behavioral health as well as lower wellbeing and negative relational strategies. (a) Psychologists do not base their assessment or intervention decisions or recommendations on data or test results that are outdated for the current purpose. (2009). (c) When the therapist is a trainee and the legal responsibility for the treatment provided resides with the supervisor, the client/patient, as part of the informed consent procedure, is informed that the therapist is in training and is being supervised and is given the name of the supervisor. 10.06 Sexual Intimacies with Relatives or Significant Others of Current Therapy Clients/Patients (See also Standard 2.01b and c, Boundaries of Competence.). Psychologists do not deny persons employment, advancement, admissions to academic or other programs, tenure, or promotion, based solely upon their having made or their being the subject of an ethics complaint. Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. (See also Standards 8.02, Informed Consent to Research; 9.03, Informed Consent in Assessments; and 10.01, Informed Consent to Therapy.). Because psychologists' scientific and professional judgments and actions may affect the lives of others, they are alert to and guard against personal, financial, social, organizational, or political factors that might lead to misuse of their influence. ), (e) If the recipient of services does not pay for services as agreed, and if psychologists intend to use collection agencies or legal measures to collect the fees, psychologists first inform the person that such measures will be taken and provide that person an opportunity to make prompt payment. 7.03 Accuracy in Teaching Please read assignment closely! (1992). Intervention. Gallardo and colleagues (2009) referenced Paul (1967) to answer the above question with another question, “What treatment, by whom, is most effective for this individual, with that specific problem, and under which set of circumstances?” (p.429). 8.07 Deception in Research Information regarding the process is provided to the student at the beginning of supervision. Another area of competency not outlined by the Cube Model but relevant to all psychotherapists is that of ethical competency (Sporrong et al., 2007). Those portions of test materials that include client/patient responses are included in the definition of test data. (d) When psychologists are asked to provide services to individuals for whom appropriate mental health services are not available and for which psychologists have not obtained the competence necessary, psychologists with closely related prior training or experience may provide such services in order to ensure that services are not denied if they make a reasonable effort to obtain the competence required by using relevant research, training, consultation, or study. Psychologists do not engage, directly or through agents, in uninvited in-person solicitation of business from actual or potential therapy clients/patients or other persons who because of their particular circumstances are vulnerable to undue influence. right to refuse treatment, confidentiality, dual 4. 10.01 Informed Consent to Therapy If that question is answered competently, the psychologist ensures that their client and their presenting problem are being held as the main priorities. Some of the more important ethical issues are as follows: Informed Consent Informed Consent. She also states that ethical decision making involves a commitment to applying the Ethics Code to construct rather than discover solutions to ethical dilemmas. (b) Psychologists' fee practices are consistent with law. Clinical Competency and Ethics in Psychology. 7.07 Sexual Relationships with Students and Supervisees The 2002 Ethics Code consists of the Introduction and Applicability Section, Preamble, General Principles, and Enforceable Standards. Whether it is clinical, research, educational, or administrative in nature, psychologists are required to remain competent in the specific field in which they practice. Supervision. Understand the ethics of therapist competence. Under no circumstances may this standard be used to justify or defend violating human rights. When, despite reasonable efforts, such an examination is not practical, psychologists document the efforts they made and the result of those efforts, clarify the probable impact of their limited information on the reliability and validity of their opinions, and appropriately limit the nature and extent of their conclusions or recommendations. If the demands of an organization with which psychologists are affiliated or for whom they are working are in conflict with this Ethics Code, psychologists clarify the nature of the conflict, make known their commitment to the Ethics Code, and to the extent feasible, resolve the conflict in a way that permits adherence to the Ethics Code.take reasonable steps to resolve the conflict consistent with the General Principles and Ethical Standards of the Ethics Code. Psychologists may barter only if (1) it is not clinically contraindicated, and (2) the resulting arrangement is not exploitative. (See also Standard 8.07, Deception in Research.). Although this may be true, the true reason for referral is racism. (b) Where scientific or professional knowledge in the discipline of psychology establishes that an understanding of factors associated with age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, language, or socioeconomic status is essential for effective implementation of their services or research, psychologists have or obtain the training, experience, consultation, or supervision necessary to ensure the competence of their services, or they make appropriate referrals, except as provided in Standard 2.02, Providing Services in Emergencies. Psychologists cooperate in ethics investigations, proceedings, and resulting requirements of the APA or any affiliated state psychological association to which they belong. (See also Standard 1.08, Unfair Discrimination Against Complainants and Respondents.). (2010). ), 7.01 Design of Education and Training Programs Inquiries Journal/Student Pulse 2.10 (2010). (n.d.). (c) Psychologists use assessment methods that are appropriate to an individual's language preference and competence, unless the use of an alternative language is relevant to the assessment issues. Also, ethical dilemmas would more likely to be addressed correctly if they had been discussed previously within the confines of an ethics round rather than as one is occurring, at which time emotionality can be high and objectivity can be skewed. Relying upon General Principles for either of these reasons distorts both their meaning and purpose. (See also Standard 3.05c, Multiple Relationships.). Psychologists strive to benefit those with whom they work and take care to do no harm. Psychologists may dispense with informed consent only (1) where research would not reasonably be assumed to create distress or harm and involves (a) the study of normal educational practices, curricula, or classroom management methods conducted in educational settings; (b) only anonymous questionnaires, naturalistic observations, or archival research for which disclosure of responses would not place participants at risk of criminal or civil liability or damage their financial standing, employability, or reputation, and confidentiality is protected; or (c) the study of factors related to job or organization effectiveness conducted in organizational settings for which there is no risk to participants' employability, and confidentiality is protected or (2) where otherwise permitted by law or federal or institutional regulations. (b) Psychologists use assessment instruments whose validity and reliability have been established for use with members of the population tested. [1] These serious illnesses, which have the greatest mortality rate of any psychological disorder, are characterized... Research shows conflicting results when relaying how personality traits play into successful and satisfying romantic relationships. 9.06 Interpreting Assessment Results Applying the principle of valueing our professional competence, these standards follow: Standard of awareness of professional ethics. (See also Standard 8.12b, Publication Credit.). (f) When assuming forensic roles, psychologists are or become reasonably familiar with the judicial or administrative rules governing their roles. Although many psychologists will not have the benefit of graduate training or continuing education on working with interpreters, many will need to their services given that currently, 18% of Americans speak a language other than English at home and 8% of U.S. citizens demonstrate limited English proficiency (Searight & Searight, 2009). 3.04 Avoiding Harm Accordingly, a shared collective duty for the welfare of ... Assessment of Ethical Competence in Psychology. Running head: CULTURAL COMPETENCE 1 Cultural Competence April Culberson Ethics in Psychology/PSY430 CULTURAL COMPETENCE 2 Abstract In this paper we will be using the “Course Case Study” to describe the ethical issues to cultural competence, we will look at the influence of personal values related to the diversity issues, how they come to exist in the handling the situation (Argosy … Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc. Fouad, N. A., Hatcher, R. L., Hutchings, P. S., Collins, Jr., F. L., Grus, C. L., Kaslow, N. J., et al. 9.10 Explaining Assessment Results This Ethics Code provides a common set of principles and standards upon which psychologists build their professional and scientific work. The ethical issues in psychology will help discover the various areas in the field that should be tread upon with sensitivity. (See also Standards 2.01e, Boundaries of Competence, and 10.01b, Informed Consent to Therapy. Graduate Ethics in Psychology Help. (a) Psychologists obtain informed consent for assessments, evaluations, or diagnostic services, as described in Standard 3.10, Informed Consent, except when (1) testing is mandated by law or governmental regulations; (2) informed consent is implied because testing is conducted as a routine educational, institutional, or organizational activity (e.g., when participants voluntarily agree to assessment when applying for a job); or (3) one purpose of the testing is to evaluate decisional capacity. This section consists of General Principles. (See also Standards 3.05, Multiple relationships, and 4.02, Discussing the Limits of Confidentiality. (See also Standard 4.02, Discussing the Limits of Confidentiality. It is not enough to understand the field of psychology and its ethics code. 2.02 Providing Services in EmergenciesIn emergencies, when psychologists provide services to individuals for whom other mental health services are not available and for which psychologists have not obtained the necessary training, psychologists may provide such services in order to ensure that services are not denied. Competence is defined by Haas and Malouf (2005) as possessing the necessary knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values to effectively provide needed professional services, and having the ability to implement them effectively. If this Ethics Code establishes a higher standard of conduct than is required by law, psychologists must meet the higher ethical standard. 1.06 Cooperating with Ethics Committees (1953). American Psychologist, 36, 633-638. About The Journal | Submissions (c) A paid advertisement relating to psychologists' activities must be identified or clearly recognizable as such. This means what does any given psychologist do on any given day? Washington, DC: Author. 1.07 Improper Complaints The APA has previously published its Ethics Code as follows: American Psychological Association. American Psychological Association. Whether a psychologist has violated the Ethics Code standards does not by itself determine whether the psychologist is legally liable in a court action, whether a contract is enforceable, or whether other legal consequences occur. (See also Standards 2.01e, Boundaries of Competence, and 10.01b, Informed Consent to Therapy. APA Monitor, 22-23. Ethical practice in forensic psychology: A systematic model for decision making, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 5.05 Testimonials (b) Psychologists do not deceive prospective participants about research that is reasonably expected to cause physical pain or severe emotional distress. (a) Psychologists base the opinions contained in their recommendations, reports, and diagnostic or evaluative statements, including forensic testimony, on information and techniques sufficient to substantiate their findings. (See also Standards 4.01, Maintaining Confidentiality, and 6.01, Documentation of Professional and Scientific Work and Maintenance of Records.). The modifiers used in some of the standards of this Ethics Code (e.g., reasonably, appropriate, potentially) are included in the standards when they would (1) allow professional judgment on the part of psychologists, (2) eliminate injustice or inequality that would occur without the modifier, (3) ensure applicability across the broad range of activities conducted by psychologists, or (4) guard against a set of rigid rules that might be quickly outdated. He also states that knowledge of the professional literature in one’s area of practice is an ethical duty for staying up-to-date with chances in practice patterns and recent developments that may change previously accepted practices. (2002). Recognize therapist impairment and burnout. When psychologists pay, receive payment from, or divide fees with another professional, other than in an employer-employee relationship, the payment to each is based on the services provided (clinical, consultative, administrative, or other) and is not based on the referral itself. Standards of competency represent the foundation for the credibility of any profession.  Inquiries concerning the substance or interpretation of the APA Ethics Code should be addressed to the Director, Office of Ethics, American Psychological Association, 750 First St. NE, Washington, DC 20002-4242. Results from this study suggest the REST-KIT could be a useful resource for trainers and researchers. (See also Standards 2.01b and c, Boundaries of Competence, and 3.01, Unfair Discrimination. (c) Psychologists claim degrees as credentials for their health services only if those degrees (1) were earned from a regionally accredited educational institution or (2) were the basis for psychology licensure by the state in which they practice. Psychologists are aware that special safeguards may be necessary to protect the rights and welfare of persons or communities whose vulnerabilities impair autonomous decision making. Develops … (a) Psychologists who offer assessment or scoring services to other professionals accurately describe the purpose, norms, validity, reliability, and applications of the procedures and any special qualifications applicable to their use. Psychologists consult with, refer to, or cooperate with other professionals and institutions to the extent needed to serve the best interests of those with whom they work. Learn more | Blog | Submit. ), 10.09 Interruption of Therapy Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct (2002, amended effective June 1, 2010, and January 1, 2017). Psychologists try to eliminate the effect on their work of biases based on those factors, and they do not knowingly participate in or condone activities of others based upon such prejudices. 2.04 Bases for Scientific and Professional Judgments (See also Standards 2.02, Providing Services in Emergencies; 3.05, Multiple Relationships; 4.01, Maintaining Confidentiality; 9.01, Bases for Assessments; 9.02, Use of Assessments; 9.03, Informed Consent in Assessments; and 9.07, Assessment by Unqualified Persons.). The Ethical Practice of Psychotherapy: Easily Within Our Reach. The focus has been on trait similarity (i.e. Psychologists seek to promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the science, teaching, and practice of psychology. (b) When offering professional services as an inducement for research participation, psychologists clarify the nature of the services, as well as the risks, obligations, and limitations. The standards in this Ethics Code will be used to adjudicate complaints brought concerning alleged conduct occurring on or after the effective date. According to Rogers-Sirin & Sirin (2009), Rest (1983) suggested that morality is not a unitary process but rather a multifaceted phenomenon. This does not preclude republishing data when they are accompanied by proper acknowledgment. Discriminatory Referrals: Uncovering a Potential Ethical Dilemma Facing Practitioners. When psychotherapists face ethical dilemmas, Barnett (2008) states they will seek information from the law, professional publications, and colleagues to guide them in their decision-making. ), 6.02 Maintenance, Dissemination, and Disposal of Confidential Records of Professional and Scientific Work Kerns, R. D., Berry, S., Frantsve, L. M., & Linton, J. C. (2009). Psychologists do not engage in sexual harassment. ), 4.01 Maintaining Confidentiality (See also Standard 8.02a, Informed Consent to Research. Standard of developing and maintaining competence. 8.06 Offering Inducements for Research Participation Psychologists must remain competent in their field to be able to practice ethically. To the degree to which they exercise control, psychologists responsible for announcements, catalogs, brochures, or advertisements describing workshops, seminars, or other non-degree-granting educational programs ensure that they accurately describe the audience for which the program is intended, the educational objectives, the presenters, and the fees involved. 3.02 Sexual Harassment (See also Standard 8.08, Debriefing.). ), 6.07 Referrals and Fees ), (b) When obtaining informed consent for treatment for which generally recognized techniques and procedures have not been established, psychologists inform their clients/patients of the developing nature of the treatment, the potential risks involved, alternative treatments that may be available, and the voluntary nature of their participation. The services are discontinued as soon as the emergency has ended or appropriate services are available. When institutional approval is required, psychologists provide accurate information about their research proposals and obtain approval prior to conducting the research. (See also Standard 10.10, Terminating Therapy.). COVID-19 resources for psychologists, health-care workers and the public. consideration of ethics should permeate all activity related to psychology and that: ‘whilst ethics and psychology are distinct, there is nevertheless an overlap as both are concerned with behaviour.’ This guidance is designed to provide a framework for good practice in the teaching and assessment of ethical competence in psychology education. (See also Standard 2.05, Delegation of Work to Others.). (See also Standards 2.01, Boundaries of Competence, and 9.06, Interpreting Assessment Results.). (a) Psychologists provide services, teach, and conduct research with populations and in areas only within the boundaries of their competence, based on their education, training, supervised experience, consultation, study, or professional experience. (a) Psychologists take reasonable steps to ensure that course syllabi are accurate regarding the subject matter to be covered, bases for evaluating progress, and the nature of course experiences. In applying the Ethics Code to their professional work, psychologists may consider other materials and guidelines that have been adopted or endorsed by scientific and professional psychological organizations and the dictates of their own conscience, as well as consult with others within the field. If psychologists’ ethical responsibilities conflict with law, regulations, or other governing legal authority, psychologists clarify the nature of the conflict, make known their commitment to the Ethics Code, and take reasonable steps to resolve the conflict consistent with the General Principles and Ethical Standards of the Ethics Code. 8.09 Humane Care and Use of Animals in Research Psychologists' work is based upon established scientific and professional knowledge of the discipline. 5.02 Statements by Others The Preamble and General Principles are aspirational goals to guide psychologists toward the highest ideals of psychology. Psychologists have a primary obligation and take reasonable precautions to protect confidential information obtained through or stored in any medium, recognizing that the extent and limits of confidentiality may be regulated by law or established by institutional rules or professional or scientific relationship. 4.04 Minimizing Intrusions on Privacy In these activities psychologists do not steal, cheat or engage in fraud, subterfuge, or intentional misrepresentation of fact. 1.03 Conflicts Between Ethics and Organizational Demands  American Psychologist, 45, 390-395. The American Psychological Association’s Council of Representatives adopted this version of the APA Ethics Code during its meeting on Aug. 21, 2002. Ethical dilemmas are not new to the practice of psychology and their resolutions will never be clear-cut answers. 8.14 Sharing Research Data for Verification Such ethical dilemmas as those presented above demonstrate the vagueness of practicing ethically and competently. competence in ethical knowledge and link this knowledge to practical steps as a general guide for functional competence in psychotherapy termination. The American Psychological Association’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (APA, 2002) is the standard to which all members and student affiliates agree to comply with. Psychologists strive to contribute a portion of their professional time for little or no compensation or personal advantage. The British Psychological Society (BPS) and American Psychological Association (APA) have both issued a code of ethics in psychology that provides guidelines for the conduct of research. Again, competence is the key. Criticism such as this questions the moral competency of individuals who, by reducing them to motives of pure selfishness, come to resemble ethical cretins. (a) Psychologists terminate therapy when it becomes reasonably clear that the client/patient no longer needs the service, is not likely to benefit, or is being harmed by continued service. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 3(4(Suppl. American Psychologist, 71, 900. (a) Public statements include but are not limited to paid or unpaid advertising, product endorsements, grant applications, licensing applications, other credentialing applications, brochures, printed matter, directory listings, personal resumes or curricula vitae, or comments for use in media such as print or electronic transmission, statements in legal proceedings, lectures and public oral presentations, and published materials. American Psychological Association. (See also Standards 3.05, Multiple Relationships; 6.04, Fees and Financial Arrangements; 6.05, Barter with Clients/Patients; 7.07, Sexual Relationships with Students and Supervisees; 10.05, Sexual Intimacies with Current Therapy Clients/Patients; 10.06, Sexual Intimacies with Relatives or Significant Others of Current Therapy Clients/Patients; 10.07, Therapy with Former Sexual Partners; and 10.08, Sexual Intimacies with Former Therapy Clients/Patients. (d) Psychologists appropriately document written or oral consent, permission, and assent. It can be stated almost certainly that every practicing psychologist will encounter situations in which their competency and/or ethical foundations will be called into question. Competency and General Ethical Principles Standards of competency represent the foundation for the credibility of any profession. (See also Standard 5.03, Descriptions of Workshops and Non-Degree-Granting Educational Programs.). Gallardo, M. E., Johnson, J., Parham, T. A., & Carter, J. According to recent estimates, over nine percent of the United States population has some degree of depression—a proportion that makes depression one of the most common and serious mental conditions in the country (“An Estimated 1 in 10 U.S. Lack of awareness or misunderstanding of an Ethical Standard is not itself a defense to a charge of unethical conduct. Individual and Cultural Diversity. The REST-KIT was designed to “(a) improve the ethical and racial sensitivity of school professionals and trainees by grounding ethical decision making, in relation to racism and discrimination, in professional codes of ethics and (b) provide the necessary skills to address the ethical dilemmas in participants’ professional lives” (p. 28). (b) Psychologists inform persons with questionable capacity to consent or for whom testing is mandated by law or governmental regulations about the nature and purpose of the proposed assessment services, using language that is reasonably understandable to the person being assessed. )), S5-S26. Although many of the suggestions here are already in effect, increasing the amount of facilities that regularly hold ethics rounds may have a significant impact on the ethical realm of psychology. This clarification includes the psychologist's role and the probable uses of the services provided or the information obtained. Membership in the APA commits members and student affiliates to comply with the standards of the APA Ethics Code and to the rules and procedures used to enforce them. (c) When psychologists conduct a record review or provide consultation or supervision and an individual examination is not warranted or necessary for the opinion, psychologists explain this and the sources of information on which they based their conclusions and recommendations. Competence within the field of psychology is as important as any other standard and possibly more important inasmuch as the knowledge available to practicing psychologists is constantly growing and changing, making competency a lifelong goal that is never quite satisfied. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 3(4(Suppl. (2009). Psychologists are allowed to have personal values that may not be addressed within their code of ethics but are assumed to uphold the values that are stated within their code. (See also Standard 2.05, Delegation of Work to Others.). 8.02 Informed Consent to Research 01 Boundaries of Competence. Sporrong et al. 9.02 Use of Assessments (c) Psychologists who offer services, products, or information via electronic transmission inform clients/patients of the risks to privacy and limits of confidentiality. Failure to cooperate is itself an ethics violation. When entering into employment or contractual relationships, psychologists make reasonable efforts to provide for orderly and appropriate resolution of responsibility for client/patient care in the event that the employment or contractual relationship ends, with paramount consideration given to the welfare of the client/patient. (c) Psychologists using the services of an interpreter obtain informed consent from the client/patient to use that interpreter, ensure that confidentiality of test results and test security are maintained, and include in their recommendations, reports, and diagnostic or evaluative statements, including forensic testimony, discussion of any limitations on the data obtained. (b) Psychologists evaluate students and supervisees on the basis of their actual performance on relevant and established program requirements. (a) Psychologists provide a prompt opportunity for participants to obtain appropriate information about the nature, results, and conclusions of the research, and they take reasonable steps to correct any misconceptions that participants may have of which the psychologists are aware. 6.01 Documentation of Professional and Scientific Work and Maintenance of Records If the conflict is unresolvable via such means, psychologists may adhere to the requirements of the law, regulations, or other governing legal authority.Under no circumstances may this standard be used to justify or defend violating human rights. (e) In those emerging areas in which generally recognized standards for preparatory training do not yet exist, psychologists nevertheless take reasonable steps to ensure the competence of their work and to protect clients/patients, students, supervisees, research participants, organizational clients, and others from harm. (See also Standard 6.04e, Fees and Financial Arrangements. Belar, C. D. (2009). Psychologists who delegate work to employees, supervisees, or research or teaching assistants or who use the services of others, such as interpreters, take reasonable steps to (1) avoid delegating such work to persons who have a multiple relationship with those being served that would likely lead to exploitation or loss of objectivity; (2) authorize only those responsibilities that such persons can be expected to perform competently on the basis of their education, training, or experience, either independently or with the level of supervision being provided; and (3) see that such persons perform these services competently. Psychologists do not accept as therapy clients/patients persons with whom they have engaged in sexual intimacies. 9.01 Bases for Assessments These standards are as follows: (a) Psychologists provide services, teach, and conduct research with populations and in areas only within the boundaries of their competence, based on their education, training, supervised experience, consultation, study, or professional experience. (See also Standards 3.12, Interruption of Psychological Services, and 10.09, Interruption of Therapy.). 10.07 Therapy with Former Sexual Partners When covering a story that will negatively impact the public it is often important for a news organization to break the story as quickly as possible. The current version of the ethics code, which introduced the distinction between … If psychologists’ ethical responsibilities conflict with law, regulations, or other governing legal authority, psychologists clarify the nature of the conflict, make known their commitment to the Ethics Code, and take reasonable steps to resolve the conflict consistent with the General Principles and Ethical Standards of the Ethics Code.