Copyright © Continuous gaskets must be used to create a proper seal along horizontal seams. These openings are designed using minimal clearance for the ware. The environment in which the oven resides tempers all of the above requirements. It runs effectively with simple controls. Oven Design . In order to perform this calculation, you need to determine the supply area in square feet of your cones or slots — a calculation you only need to perform once as the cones or slots should not change in your oven. Operating sequence tests, all components. This alternative to TGIC-based polyester powder coatings offers similar performance and enhanced transfer efficiencies. We’ve compiled a guide to help you understand the breakpoint and how controlling it (or the lack of control) affects your product, both positively and negatively. 1. During the proposal phase of furnace buying, the customer’s needs are communicated to the furnace manufacturer, who, in turn, comes up with several design solutions to satisfy these requirements. Note that blocking some types of cookies may impact your experience on our websites and the services we are able to offer. 218 20th Ave, Roseville, IL 61473 Phone: 309.588.4803. Learn What’s Coming for Finishing Technology, Trends in Automotive Manufacturing Knowledge Center, Data Collection Trends in Metal Finishing, GBI: Finishing Index Sets Another High in October, Andrews Powder Coating Earns Space Flight Qualification. by collection of various production data and calculations. In an oven where the exhaust rate during heat up is 50 Standard Cubic Feet Per Minute (SCFM), the heat required to heat The flexibility of convection curing keeps it popular with today's finishers, despite pressures to increase quality and reduce the space required for paint shops. Design calculations may be made either manually or by SPU-approved computer programs. Please be aware that this might heavily reduce the functionality and appearance of our site. (m3/h by rearing type) Type Age or Weight Summer Winter Poultry fattening Chicks 1-7 days old 1-3 0.1-0.2 Poultry fattening Chicks 2-7 weeks old 5-8 0.2-0.3 Poultry … Oven heat load calculation. The heat required to maintain good oven temperature is delivered by heating the supply air to no more than 100F above the oven operating temperature and distributing this air to the oven. Most often direct-fired conventional convection curing is used. Some product configurations trap liquids and may require zoned ovens. [email protected] About us. furnace design, part parameters and furnace settings. Products like dry and semi-dry sausage require less air changes than fast drying and heating stable products. We need 2 cookies to store this setting. Kenneth N. Kraft, Automotive Market Manager, George Koch Sons, Inc. It is poor design to use the recirculating duct to provide control over the oven environment. This site uses cookies. These two requirements draw factory air into the oven. The recirculating air volume calculation will tell you the amount of cfm that is moving in your oven — and is needed to determine the air flow rate, which is the calculation you will use to determine the health of airflow in your oven. We may request cookies to be set on your device. The amount of exhaust and the type of heat source can affect product color. Vist George Koch Sons, LLC for more information. Speeding the Industrial Design Process with Modern Calculation Management. 100F will give ± 5F in oven. The exterior is constructed from sheet steel finished in an easy clean powder coated paint. industrial oven in a span of one month. It is better to place a small amount of recirculation in the hottest part of the oven and let the supply air do the work. However, line speed, product window size, hanging spacing and product weight/conveyor weight must be defined prior to designing a cure oven. A monthly schedule would include a check of the following: Fuel safety shutoff valves; Fan and air flow interlocks; Time delay switch settings (purge); Conveyor interlocks; Limit switches; Explosion relief latches; Gas drip leg; High and low fuel pressure interlocks; Interior ductwork cleanliness; and Interior oven cleanliness. When this becomes a problem, it is overcome by introducing large amounts of fresh air into the heater. After calculations of all the loads, load combinations adopted are as follows: (Clause 3.5.1 and 5.3.3 IS 800: 2007) (DL*1.5)+ (LL*1.5) (DL*1.5)+ (WL*1.5) In the design of any industrial shed design of truss member is most important part. Corners present another problem with panel construction. Typical oven maintenance and inspection schedule. How can you determine if something is wrong with an oven and affecting the airflow? MITCalc is a set of engineering, industrial, and technical calculations for your day-to-day routines. Automatic fire checks. Despite the many positive features, these ovens are rarely practical because of their configuration. Most furnaces are not mass-produced but built to specification. Oven filters continuously clean the air and, as a result, load very slowly. Supply ducts should be along all walls and between every other conveyor run to eliminate cold spots. Structural steel must be connected with slotted hole connections to allow for expansion.  2020, The Voice of the Finishing Industry since 1936. Sometimes the products of combustion are not compatible with the coating. To allow for variation in production requirements, it is advisable to set a maximum speed of about two times that calculation. Oven Enclosure (shell) contains the environment necessary for the curing process, including a support structure; insulated panels (enclosure); and product openings/air seals. This provides an oven temperature profile better than plus or minus 10F throughout the enclosure. Smoke is produced when curing some electrocoatings and powders. The understanding of oven system requirements will lead to a successful implementation when the end user, coating and equipment suppliers work as partners in developing the oven curing system right for you. Design, Calculations, and Operational Guidelines California Conference of Directors of Environmental Health September, 2003. – Duct losses: friction (function of system materials & design) – Fitting losses: contractions & expansions •T P1 = T P2 + h L now substitute T P = S P + V P •S P1 + V P1 = S P2 + V P2 +h L. Pressure Graphs for TP, SP, and VP Bench Grinder Hood. They are fitted with fixed shelf runners and removable heavy duty stainless steel shelves. 25 Mar,2019 - Choosing the right pizza oven is critical for creating the perfect pizza. Mail Us. But how do you do that? This technique reduces joint temperature to less than 100F in a 450F oven, without losing the structural integrity of the channel. Calculation: Average of the high and low air velocities measured at the cones or slots (in fpm). Because these cookies are strictly necessary to deliver the website, refuseing them will have impact how our site functions. The main job of the exhaust is to maintain a safe environment. Supply Air System. You can either use an online converter or use this formula: square inches x 0.00694444 = square feet, 60 cones x .0218 sq ft / cone = 1.308 sq ft, 1.25″ wide slot x 151″ long slot = 188.75 sq inches x 0.00694444 = 1.308 sq ft, 116″ inside width x 159″ inside length x 90″ floor to return duct height = 1,659,960 cubic inches, 1,659,960 cubic inches / 1728 (number of cubic inches in 1 square foot), 10,905 cfm (recirculating air volume) / 960 cubic feet (oven volume), Determining if there is an issue in the oven, Low (3-9 air changes) = dry and semi-dry sausage, Medium (9-15 air changes) = most commonly used for a wide variety of products, High (15-20 air changes) = stable products that require fast drying and heating. The door and hardware must seal the opening without using a positive latching device. Additionally, the exhaust purges the oven prior to start-up. There are many variables to consider when choosing the best cure oven for your application... Building the Better Clown Car: Computational Fluid Dynamics Leads to Better Industrial Oven Design. When filters are used, heater unit size must be increased. Under the same cone / slot (constantly rotating dampers), Under cones / slots on opposite sides of the oven (dampers that can be stopped and held in one place), Cones: Number of cones x the supply area of each cone (supplied by manufacturer) = total supply area, Slots: Width of slot in inches x length of slot in inches = square inches, After determining the square inches of the slots, you need to convert to square feet. This is accomplished using the duct with the supply fan to create a negative pressure condition within the enclosure. In these cases, indirect-fired heater units are an option. Exhausts create a negative environment so that air seals operate properly and remove VOCs and other cure products from the oven. Typically, 25 to 35 min at a set temperature is needed to achieve a minimum curing temperature for 20 minutes. The heat required to maintain good oven temperature is delivered by heating the supply air to no more than 100F above the oven operating temperature and distributing this air to the oven. Design calculations establish minimum guidelines and requirements for generating electrical calculations on projects. Because the airflow ultimately cooks your product, it makes sense that adjusting the air flow rate will change the way the product is cooked. Assume a production rate of 600 parts per hour. The airflow is critically important to any cooking process, which means it’s critically important to be aware of any variations in airflow that may affect the creation of the breakpoint and result in inconsistent cooking. Another problem occurring when the products of the cure and combustion combine and come in contact with a direct flame is the production of NOx. Air is forced around the front of the oven cooling the exterior. Sure, a lot of it was the size of the enclosure and the insulation used, but that's not a bad feat of engineering in my opinion. Page . The interior chamber is made from heavy duty stainless steel. The influence of suction pressure is negligible, even at short distances from the source. Each new calculation done manually takes additional time and consumes additional overhead. This, like the indirect oven, is applied at a significant cost of energy. Additionally, the oven must run negative relative to the production environment. Depending upon the batch oven design, as few as one or as many as 30 or more elements can be used in a single oven. Exhaust air system. These use air-to-air heat exchangers and may require one third more energy to operate. The heater generates the energy for curing and begins the distribution of energy. Calculation and Design Case Example . Panels 30 to 33 inches wide with fiber insulation (one inch of four-lb density insulation for every 100F) sandwiched between aluminized metal skins are used. Conveyor weight/ft (in lbs) × conveyor speed fpm × 60 = lbs conveyor/hr. The oven support system should be designed to carry the enclosure weight and the product conveying system. Many heater units have filtration systems to continuously clean the oven environment. Changes will take effect once you reload the page. this is a convenient size for me to build because my bricks are 25cmx6,4cmx12,4cm. The first calculation is really a simple reading. Heating . BASIC KNOWLEDGE . The following is a good industry rule of thumb for air flow rate needed: Airflow is the most important feature of your industrial smokehouse or dehydrator — so understanding the airflow, how it creates the breakpoint, and how it cooks and affects your product is essential for producing consistent results. Oven doors with windows are easier to locate. The supply fan should turn over the oven volume about two times a minute. The most significant components of the heater are the burner, supply fan and filters. A variable speed with a speed range of about 3:1 is the most common. Shelving is an important aspect of Keen industrial oven custom designs because it is essential for easy loading and unloading of parts. A properly designed and installed convection oven requires little attention relative to pretreatment and application processes. Search for: Search for: Phone Us (936) 273-3300 . Otherwise you will be prompted again when opening a new browser window or new a tab. Check our all industrial oven design. Recirculating duct is fabricated in much the same manner as the supply duct. Because the exhaust can be controlled so well, abating oven gases is reasonably achieved. Are TGIC-Free Powder Coatings Right For You? Personnel access must be provided. Required number of carriers per min 300 ¸ 60 = 5 carriers per min. This assures good laminar flow and good temperature control. An industrial oven is a heated chamber that is used to perform a wide range of applications within industry. Check to enable permanent hiding of message bar and refuse all cookies if you do not opt in. How do you know if the air is moving optimally in an oven? The air flow rate in an oven has two main uses: The airflow in the oven should stay more or less constant. Calculation: Air velocity (defined as high velocity + low velocity) x supply area. Proper design of an Industrial Oven requires provisions for Explosion Relief The design of industrial ovens is dictated by two primary standards: 1. The cure oven raises the product mass and coated material to a specified temperature and holds this temperature for a set time. CONSIDERATIONS FOR DESIGN INDUSTRIAL OVEN AND BATCH OVEN PROCESS APPLICATIONS Industrial ovens are used in a wide range of applications including aging, annealing, baking, composite curing, curing, drying, finishing, heat treating, melting, powder coating ovens, preheating, research and development, sterilizing and testing. The final step in the paint process is curing. We use cookies to let us know when you visit our websites, how you interact with us, to enrich your user experience, and to customize your relationship with our website. Here’s how you determine the supply area: Once you have the supply area, determining the recirculating air volume is easy! For proper operation, velocities in the duct should not exceed 2,500 fpm. These channels form a through-metal condition, allowing significant heat loss at the joint. That will give you the cfm of air volume. Parameters to consider when determining oven heat load include: radiation loss through enclosure panels; product heat absorption; conveyor/hanger heat absorption; heat losses through air seals or openings; and fresh air requirements for burners; continuous exhaust for insurance requirements; or coating material releases. Chapter 1: 6 . It’s a simple volume calculation to get the volume in cubic inches and then dividing by a constant to get the cubic feet. Supply air temperature minus oven design temperature of a gas-fired oven should be as follows: 125F will give ±10F in oven It can be combined with other curing methods. Once the other three calculations have been performed, you can easily determine the air flow rate (air changes per minute) of your oven by taking the recirculating air volume (calculation 2) and divide it by the oven volume (calculation 3). Locate access doors so that an exit is never more than 25 ft away. You always can block or delete cookies by changing your browser settings and force blocking all cookies on this website. The better the airflow, the stronger the breakpoint, and the more consistently product will cook — resulting in better yields, better coloring, and better texture. Typical applications for industrial ovens include food production, chemical processing, and even the electronics industry. 4 Oven Airflow Calculations You Need to Know, https://ftiinc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/airflow-calculations.jpg, https://ftiinc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/logo.png, Fusion Tech Makes A Donation To Homes For Our Troops, How To Choose the Best Heat Source for Your Oven. It is not necessary to pre-filter high efficiency filters. These cookies are strictly necessary to provide you with services available through our website and to use some of its features. All solutions can be customised for any required Industrial Oven layout. It’s the airflow that is ultimately responsible for creating the breakpoint that in turn cooks product in the oven. You are free to opt out any time or opt in for other cookies to get a better experience. The following cookies are also needed - You can choose if you want to allow them: You can read about our cookies and privacy settings in detail on our Privacy Policy Page. Click to enable/disable _ga - Google Analytics Cookie. Add the high velocity and low velocity numbers from the first calculation, and multiply the answer by the supply area in square feet. But this will always prompt you to accept/refuse cookies when revisiting our site. When the design allows for shipping, 20-ft-long completely assembled sections of the oven can be fabricated. Filter efficiency varies with the application, but the types modified for the elevated temperatures used to filter final makeup are most effective. We fully respect if you want to refuse cookies but to avoid asking you again and again kindly allow us to store a cookie for that. Click to enable/disable _gid - Google Analytics Cookie. For this to work, a significant velocity must be developed at the center of the opening. This assures the oven atmosphere will be maintained below the lower explosion limit of the solvent with a safety factor of four. #curing. Public/industrial lavatory 8-15 Shops 4-8 Laboratories 8-15 Dry cleaners 5-15 Rolling mills 8-15 Changing rooms 6-8 CALCULATION OF AIRFLOWS IN FARMS Recommended airflow per animal, depending on the type of rearing. Time spent in the oven is determined by the coating suppliers, who specify the required time at a given temperature to thoroughly cure the coated product. The velocity in the duct is held at 2,000 fpm and openings are 20-25 pct greater than the supply. Generally, industrial ovens process a raw material at extremely high temperatures to perform a heat treatment process. Custom and standard ovens designed for industrial process heating applications. Infrared or radiant-wall designs are often incorporated for preheating only. Industrial ovens are generally operate … A great source of oven problems is enclosure openings where products enter and exit. Purge A purge of four times the oven volume is required for any oven prior to firing the burner. Calculation: Recirculating Air Volume / Oven Volume. The heat load calculation also provides information for selecting an oven supply fan. Because the fan is a constant volume device, the fan motor is sized for cold starts to avoid overloading. The fan volume must be expanded for the elevated temperatures. Filters require much lower velocities than in normal heater units. Differing products and differing desired results require a different air flow rate. Due to security reasons we are not able to show or modify cookies from other domains. Epcon’s Industrial Continuous Oven designs are ready to meet specific requirements for each application. Openings in the sides of ovens require mechanical air seals to contain the environment. Our team will work with you to devise a smart and sensible solution you can’t afford to miss! It’s recommended to perform these calculations on a consistent basis so variations are caught early and limit the impact to your product. Thermal heat T (supply - recirculated). The amount of volatile material also depends on the product being used. Click the banner below to download a copy and become an airflow expert! Company History; Founding Story; Careers; Testimonials; Media. These losses, expressed in Btu's/hr, are used for selecting the burner and corresponding electrical devices necessary for burner control. Class A oven design guidelines dictate that several features must be included in the oven design. Any panic hardware with positive latching features must allow the door to be opened from the inside. Industrial production requires a daily check of the plant capacity, product output yield, consumption of energy etc. Example: My oven to be built will have a chamber size of 12,4cm x 12cm x 50cm. Prior to entering the cure oven, the product is usually cleaned, rinsed, dried, and coated. It will reliably, precisely, and most of all quickly guide you through the design of components, the solution of a technical problem, or a calculation of an engineering point without any … The assembled panels are tongue-and-groove for easy installation. Exhaust also eliminates smoke build-up. At the edges of the oven, panels do not fit tightly together and leakage occurs. Patents; System Animations; Featured press; Product Literature; Services. A typical weekly maintenance schedule would include inspection of the following: Flame failure detection system; Ignitor and burner operation; Burner air filter; Burner blower impeller cleanliness; Burner blower motor cleanliness; Heater shell interior cleanliness; and Fan lubrication. The heat load calculation also provides information for selecting an oven supply fan. Using a velometer, measure the velocity of the air exiting the the air cones or slots at both high velocity and low velocity. The task of designing and analyzing industrial furnaces is complex and time-consuming. Please provide me design calculation of lamella gravity settler for slurry. Energy losses for the ware load, conveyor load, enclosure and exhaust requirements must be considered. 1. This panel joint can become too hot to touch, so the channel is slotted to reduce the area available for heat migration. From calculations to actual design. The heating capacity of the oven will need to be greater, due to heat losses through the oven walls, through exhausted air and through heating of the oven mass itself. This is not sufficient to stop the escape of cure products that condense and stain oven walls. A good rule of thumb is to exhaust 10,000 cu ft of air (expanded for elevated temperatures) for every gal of solvent driven off in the oven. Examples of some useful technical calculations are given in the following sections. To seal an opening, it is best to draw hot air from the oven and force it back into the opening. Filtration or indirect firing can be added to improve quality. Poor exhaust and gas-fired ovens typically cause coating color to darken and/or yellow. Heater units. An alternative to traditional construction methods is an oven module. According to IBISworld, Aussie’s are changing their pizza preferences, from the fast and oily grease-fest, to more gourmet, ‘healthier’ pizzas. The scope of thermal applications is endless and can range from common to complex. You can also change some of your preferences. These cookies collect information that is used either in aggregate form to help us understand how our website is being used or how effective our marketing campaigns are, or to help us customize our website and application for you in order to enhance your experience. Get details of model number and specifications. The oven air naturally migrates to the areas of low pressure, where it is captured in the duct system and returned to the heater. There are various types of truss:- King Post Truss, Pitched Pratt Truss, Fan Truss, Queen Post Truss, Since the purge cycle is typically around 30 min-utes, it may be desirable to add a second exhaust to purge the oven at a much faster rate. Electrical calculations should be made for all SPU projects that include electrical components and should be filed in the project notebook. The Easy-Bake Oven used to have 2 of them and it reached temperatures you could bake with. Powder coating is one of the most durable finishes that can be applied to industrial manufactured products, and offers excellent corrosion protection and is very safe because of its lack of volatile organic compounds. Note: Higher CFM, motor sizing, fan design, proper fresh air to exhaust ratios and placement all become increasingly critical to the successful balance of an industrial oven, especially at higher operating temperatures. Zhang Infrared (gas and electric), radiant wall, conventional convection and high-velocity convection curing are some of the options. Airflow is the most important feature of any industrial smokehouse or dehydrator. This is the energy required just to heat the product. And if you’re running a business selling pizzas—it’s even more important. III. This construction includes all-welded interiors that eliminate areas for dirt to collect; steel buried in the panels to reduce interior surface area; fewer joints with through metal for less heat loss; and speed and ease of assembly at the customer's factory. This will give you the number of air changes per minute happening in your oven, and can be adjusted to fit your product and used to monitor any broken areas in the oven. Fusion Tech designs and manufacturers custom solutions for the food processing industry, as well as agriculture, transportation, and renewable fuels industries. Simply heating up the substrate does not cure the coating. Units hr × Ware weight = _____lbs ware/hr, Unit hanger weight × Units/hr = _____lbs hanger/hr. JPW Design MODEL LR-96B MECHANICAL FORCED AIR CONVECTION OVEN June 2010 15,000 Watts Up to 500 Deg F. The outer skins are connected with formed metal channels. Assume a carrier spacing of 36 inches or 3 ft. Ware centers × required production = conveyor length, Conveyor length, production time = conveyor speed, 2,000 ft per shift/7.5 hrs per shift divided by 267 ft per hr/60 min per hr = 4.45 fpm. Every oven must be exhausted. This lowers the temperature of the flame-heated air to a point where NOx is not produced. So, if you’re going to invest in a custom industrial oven that’s tailored to your specific process, you want to know before you buy that it will offer a good return on your investment. Mechanical Exhaust Ventilation Systems Design, Calculations, and Operational Guidelines 2019 Page 6 of 30 C. Type I Hood Requirement: There are five methods to comply with requirements for equipment that emits smoke or grease. Precision Quincy designed and manufactured a batch oven for a customer that heat cleans rolls of fiberglass, which are then sold to its customers in the automotive, aerospace and marine industries. When calculating oven heat loads, the above lbs/hr should be kept as a separate number due to different temperature rises and specific heat requirements. The duct is designed for slightly lower velocities. There will always be small variations that just happen, but large variations are often a sign that something is wrong in the oven — like the dampers are out of alignment, or the fan isn’t functioning correctly. The second system at work in an oven is the heater unit. We provide you with a list of stored cookies on your computer in our domain so you can check what we stored. Annual inspection and maintenance schedules should include: Ignitor and burner components; Combustion air supply system; Flame failure system components; Piping and wiring components; Combustion control system; Instrument calibration; Automatic fire checks; and Operating sequence tests. This pressurization is relieved by exhausting the enclosure, resulting in a considerable source of heat loss. INDUSTRIAL OVEN SELECTION GUIDE Thermal Processing Technology. The amount of color drift varies with product type. If you refuse cookies we will remove all set cookies in our domain. Background . SUPPLY DESIGN IN INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES REPORT B60 Litterature review Kim Hagstrom Kai Siren Alexander M. Zhivov 6: IrfVKEVfE-T. AUG 3 0 HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Mechanical Engineering. Customized Shelving . You can check these in your browser security settings. Curing coatings varies. 8. Thread starter sromag; Start date Sep 2, 2013; Sep 2, 2013 #1 sromag . The following airflow calculations will give you a snapshot into the health of the airflow in your oven, and help you determine if there’s a maintenance or critical failure issue that needs to be addressed.It’s recommended to perform these calculations on a consistent basis so variations are caught early and limit the impact to your product. Their current methods for deriving new designs would often rely on simulation software … Unlisted Type I hoods built in accordance with CMC Section 508 You should also consider the environment that the oven needs to … The burner is most often a direct-flame device that provides the energy for curing. By continuing to browse the site, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. The following airflow calculations will give you a snapshot into the health of the airflow in your oven, and help you determine if there’s a maintenance or critical failure issue that needs to be addressed. To conserve on factory space, ovens can be elevated, located outside or on building roofs. General Oven Design & Operation 7. Calculating and recording the Air Flow Rate on a consistent basis will give you a snapshot of the health of your oven, and help you notice any issues early on, especially in areas of the oven that aren’t inspected or seen on a daily basis. While air naturally moves to the areas of lower pressure, this movement cannot be easily controlled. Click to enable/disable _gat_* - Google Analytics Cookie. This assures that the design requirements will be maintained. Table of contents . The rectangular supply duct is constructed of aluminized metal. Click on the different category headings to find out more. Click to enable/disable essential site cookies. (See Appendix "A" for details.) The requirement for purge is to change the enclosure atmosphere four times in approximately 20 min prior to ignition. Class A ovens without additional modification are not usable in hazardous atmosphere areas such as those requiring Class 1, Group D electrical construction. CompAS – … ACE Equipment offers different models of industrial ovens. With the proper equipment, design, oven components, and factory tests, consistently good results should be had over years and years of use. Calculation: (Inside Width (in inches) x Inside Length (in inches) x Inside Height (floor to return duct bottom) (in inches)) / 1728. Recirculated air systems.The recirculating system returns oven air to the heater unit so that energy is continually added to the oven. The advantage of using design and analysis software like FurnXpert is to run several cases or “what if analysis” without additional expense. As the heater unit discharges the supply air, it is directed into the oven supply system. Dongli Gongcheng Xuebao/Journal of Chinese Society of Power Engineering R.-Q. If you do not want that we track your visit to our site you can disable tracking in your browser here: We also use different external services like Google Webfonts, Google Maps, and external Video providers. PDF | On May 1, 2014, Genitha I published Design, Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of Domestic Gas Oven | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate To ease calculation and also to be on the safe side I think calculating with a value of 1 Watt per cm² of chamber surface is feasible. The purpose of the supply system is to deliver and distribute the energy developed in the heater unit. Click to enable/disable Google reCaptcha. Bottom entry/exit designs make use of the natural sealing features of hot air and present no real problems. Void areas are filled with loose insulation and the areas are jacketed with sheet metal flashing. DEFINE YOUR APPLICATION The first and most important step in finding the right piece of equipment is to determine what function your equipment needs to serve. Helsinki University of Technology Laboratory of Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Espoo 1999 CALCULATION METHODS FOR AIR SUPPLY DESIGN IN INDUSTRIAL …