Therefore, it is a much-debated topic. It used to be called the Zaire River when the former Republic of Zaire was ruled by Mobutu Sese Seko, and it has a great number of tributary rivers that feed into it. Scroll through the attractive infographic for a quick glimpse of the ten longest rivers in the world. The Amazon basin formerly drained westwards into the Pacific Ocean, until the Andes rose and reversed the drainage.[26]. This is no coincidence. There are many factors, such as the source,[1] the identification or the definition of the mouth, and the scale of measurement[2] of the river length between source and mouth, that determine the precise meaning of "river length". It is also one of the busiest inland rivers in the world where ships transport goods such as coal. Niger (4,200 km)15. However, there are a group of scholars who would … Brazilian geographers & scientists have tried their best and always claimed the Amazon to be the world’s longest river but the historical consensus build and the modern geography still considers and ranks Nile to be the Longest River in the world. Two origins of the Yangtze Riverhas been suggested. It is the ninth largest river by discharge and the 15th longest river in the world. At this time, the Thames, the Meuse, the Scheldt, and the Rhine probably joined before flowing into the sea, in a system known by palaeogeographers as the Loubourg or Lobourg River System. A. The Amur or Heilong Jiang (as it is known in Chinese) is the tenth longest river and it flows through the nations of Russia, China, and Mongolia. It is longest river in the world. River Nile definitely stands to be the world’s longest … The river originates from various tributaries and ends in the Atlantic Ocean. Longest rivers in the world are given in the table below. Nile River (7,088 km)2. As a result, the length measurements of many rivers are only approximations (see also coastline paradox). Principal Rivers of the World The following table lists the principal rivers of the world including the name, source location, outflow, and approximate length. The river has a length of 6,650 km which makes it the longest river in the world. The origin of this river is Thutade Lake, in the Northern Interior of British Columbia. It includes river systems over 1,000 kilometres (620 mi). Traditionally, the government of China recognizes the Tuotuo tributary located in the Tanggula Mountains as the s… The water of the Nile River is shared by 11 countries namely Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Sudan and Egypt. Nile River Nile River HERE IS MAP OF NILE RIVER. The Amazon River is the longest river in South America, and the largest river in the world in terms of water discharge. It may not be clear how to measure the length through a lake. In addition, the length of meanders can change significantly over time due to natural or artificial cutoffs, when a new channel cuts across a narrow strip of land, bypassing a large river bend. The Nile has traditionally been considered longer, but in recent years two unpublished studies [5] [6] have suggested that the Amazon is longer by measuring the river plus the adjacent Pará estuary and the longest connecting tidal canal. Sometimes, we don’t know where the rivers start and end. The longest rivers in the world derive from the confluence of two or more tributaries. Here is the list of 15 longest rivers in the world: 1. Generally, the most commonly used/anglicised name of the river is used. It is one of the main hydro-control creating waterways with more than 20 dams worked all … Ob River (5,410 km) 8. The information in different sources is between parentheses. 4,160 miles; 6,695 km. [8], Even when detailed maps are available, the length measurement is not always clear. These points make it difficult, if not impossible, to get an accurate measurement of the length of a river. The varying accuracy and precision also makes it difficult to make length comparisons between different rivers without a degree of uncertainty. Happy Reading and Discovering some facts about the longest water bodies in the world. The drainage basin covered by the Niger River is 2,117,700 km square in area. The first human civilizations were all near a river as these provided humans with water. The Yangtze River is the third longest river on Earth. Of course you are. This major part of this river flows through Russia (97%) and the remaining through Mongolia (2.9%). The Congo basin is completely surrounded by high land, except for its long narrow exit valley past Kinshasa, including waterfalls around Manyanga. Ob River (5,410 km)8. The Nile is usually said to be the longest river in the world, with a length of about 6,650 km, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, If the Meuse is considered a tributary, the Rhine basin is 218,300 km, Vaikmäe, R., Edmunds, W. M., and Manzano, M., (2001) ", Bridgland, D. R., and D'Olier, B. Join my Discord server: https://discordapp.com/invite/uRTAdY9 Thank you for 80 thousand subscribers, everyone! This page was last edited on 2 October 2020, at 19:20. Other factors that can change the length of a river include cycles of erosion and flooding, dams, levees, and channelization. This river runs through Russia, Kazakhstan, China, and Mongolia before draining into the Gulf of Ob. Discover some key facts about each river and their residence country, along with its length in miles and kilometers. One should take the aforementioned discussion into account when using the data in the following table. Length: 6,650 Km Drainage land: 3,254,555 sq.km Outflow: Mediterranean There has been long dispute regarding the lengthiness of Nile & Amazon. Ending in the Gulf of Mexico, this river flows mainly through the United States, (97%) and the rest through Canada (1.5%). Are you interested in seeing the world, and being paid to do it? We are wondering about which rivers are the longest all over the globe. With a length of 4,880 km / 3,030 miles the South American river is considerably smaller than the Amazon, but nevertheless still plays a major role on the continent. Argun comes from the Mongolia region of China, where it is referred as Hailar river. The Yellow River or the Huang He is a Chinese river that ends in the Bohai Sea. Also, the river has breathtaking views and floods annually, like many other Russian Rivers. [28], List of river systems longer than 1000 km, River systems that may have existed in the past. What are the 15 longest rivers in the world? Not only does it provide important economical value, but it is also … In and around the river, more than 260 fish species, 325 bird species, 59 mammal species, and 145 amphibian species have been found. Mississippi-Missouri (6,275 km) 5. It has a massive drainage basin (nearly 2.5 million square miles) and the largest river delta feeding the Arctic. There are mainly two tributaries of this mighty river- the Blue Nile, which starts in Ethiopia and the White Nile, which starts in South Sudan. One of the most fa… This approximately five thousand kilometers long river runs through five countries- Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Uruguay. Please click on Top 10 longest rivers in the world to see video. When it isn’t frozen, it is home to various fish and migratory birds. This river flows through China into the East China Sea. The Nile river is longer in comparison to the Amazon River. In particular, there exists disagreement as to whether the Nile[3] or the Amazon[4] is the world's longest river. Naturally, there is a disagreement over the answer to this question. Source: wikimedia.org. This river is home to almost fifty kinds of fish. The information in different sources is between parentheses. The river is the lifeline of South Sudan and Egypt. This river houses important cities such as Shanghai, Chongqing and Nanjing. Almost all the great civilizations throughout human history have flourished on the banks of rivers. The ninth longest river ending in the Atlantic Ocean travels through Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Cameroon, Zambia, Burundi, and Rwanda. If the latter hypothesis is true, the Rhine would have attained a length of close to 1,650 kilometres (1,030 mi). But measuring a length of the river is not an easy task or it is very difficult. The technique of the length measurements varies from one group to another, and therefore we have a range of lengths in which the river’s length lies. This water body may be considered a river, an estuary, a gulf or a marginal sea. The length of Argun is about 1007 miles and the length if Amar is about 2,744 miles. Traveling through China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam to the South China Sea, this river is sure to surprise you. A. Nile River Length: 4,135 miles Where? To shatter ice, explosives are used and icebreaker boats are also used to keep the shipping lanes open. Top longest rivers. In 2009, a study published in the International Journal of Digital Earth showed that the Nile is much longer than the length it was previously measured, and if this length is taken into account, Nile remains the longest. To draw up the ranking of the longest rivers in the world that you will find on this page, we have kept in mind some basic parameters: the first of all is the length of the river as a whole starting from its most distant emissary. (See Rivers of the United States for other U.S. The Nile River is the longest where the Amazon is the largest river in the world. The Yangtze, which is 6380 km long, is the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world. But if the lengths from secondary information sources are similar, they are averaged and that figure has an asterisk. rivers.) That gives the impression that most of the Congo basin was formerly on a much higher land level and that the Congo River was rejuvenated by much of its lower course being removed, likeliest when Africa split from South America when Gondwanaland broke up due to continental drift, and before that, the Congo would likely have flowed into the Amazon[26], producing a river around 6000 miles or 10,000 km long. Yenisei River (5,539 km)6. A river is a natural watercourse running towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river. Rivers provide water for the essential needs of both tiny towns and huge cities. This river would have been about 10,000 km (6,200 mi) long, in the last Ice Age. The Nile River is the longest river in the world with a total length of 6,693 kilometers with two primary sources, the Blue and White … There are a number of rivers in the world but from these several rivers are the longest rivers on the globe. It’s relatively easy to measure the mouth of a river if it flows into another river but if it flows out to sea measurements have to be … Brahmaputra (3,848 km), Are you a writer? Have you ever wondered what are the world’s longest rivers? And, interestingly, this river flows from the South to the North, unlike most Russian Rivers. In this list of rivers, we have taken the longest lengths of the rivers from all the lengths provided. This River also has the world’s fourth largest drainage basin, which covers more than 3,220,000 square kilometers. The Nile is the world's longest river stretching 6,690 kilometers. Mekong River (4,350 km) 13. Located in the Africa, Congo River also has distinction of just being this world’s deepest rivers, just measuring around 220 meters at the deepest point. 4.Mississippi-Missouri-Jefferson A practical example is given by the Mississippi River, the most famous river in the United States. The water does not enter the river’s through the glaciers but through the monsoon. When the length of a river is followed by an asterisk, it is an average of multiple information sources. It is called the Yellow River because the color of the river turns yellow to the presence of less sediment. Its length has just been … These 2 river have a significant … Amazon River (6,992 km)3. This river is an inexhaustible water resource of great importance to the Russian Federation. The Mekong is a noteworthy river in Southeast Asia, which goes through Tibet, China’s Yunnan territory, Burma, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam. In 2007, scientists on an expedition discovered that Amazon was much longer than the Nile, which made Amazon the longest river in the world. Nile River. For most rivers, different sources provide conflicting information on the length of a river system. It flows northwards through 11 countries from Central to Northeast Africa, draining into the Mediterranean Sea at a rate of 2,800 cubic meters per second. There are over 3000 species of fish (including piranhas) found in the waters of this river, along with the giant anacondas. Here is the list of 15 longest rivers in the world:1. This Central American river is the second largest and runs through Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Guyana. This African wonder travels through eleven countries, which include Ethiopia, Eretria, Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Egypt, Congo, and South Sudan. Top 7 Best Longest Rivers in the World November 29, 2020 by Elizabeth Whether you decide to swim, kayak or fish, these rivers would be the longest rivers on earth and supply endless adventures. Yangtze River (6,418 km) 4. This is a list of the longest rivers on Earth. Germany (57.3%), Switzerland (15.1%), Netherlands (12.3%), France (12.2%). Murray is Australia’s longest river and is 2,508 km long. River is a natural stream of fresh water that has a current and moved towards another body of water such as an ocean, lake or another river, rivers can be of different sizes. It houses various animal, fish and plant species, some of which, including the Chinese Alligator, the Finless Porpoise and the Chinese Paddlefish are endangered. The Top 5 of the Top 10 longest rivers in the world is completed by the Parana River. Of that, nearly 99% is stored in glaciers, ice caps, and underground. Congo … Determining which is the longest river in the world … Top ten longest rivers in the world include Congo River. Did you know that less than three percent of all the water in the world is freshwater? One should take the aforementioned discussion into account when using the data in the following table. Río de la Plata (4,880 km)9. The Mekong is a trans-boundary river in Southeast Asia that starts from the Tibetan Plateau and runs through China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. The river is the longest in the world to flow entirely within one country. This river has a series of major river … The Nile is the world's longest river stretching 6,690 kilometers. Many iconic bridges have been built on this river. And it is without a doubt among the world’s most picturesque rivers. You will find rivers of different structure and beauty, each passing through various countries, cities and towns. For example, due to 18 cutoffs created between 1766 and 1885, the length of the Mississippi River from Cairo, Illinois, to New Orleans, Louisiana, was reduced by 351 kilometres (218 miles).[9]. This Russian River is the eleventh in the list, and it outflows into the Laptev Sea. A. Not only this, an oil refinery lies on one of its tributaries. This river is a great source of hydroelectric power. HERE IS THE LIST OF WORLDS TOP 20 LONGEST RIVERS LIST OF LONGEST RIVERS 1. The Nile is the major flowing river which is located in northeastern Africa and is mainly considered the longest river in the world. Seasonal and annual changes may alter both rivers and lakes. … In fact, it is the longest river in Asia and the third longest in the world with a length of 3,917 miles. The Nile River is the longest river in the world which is about 7,088 km long. Congo River (4,700 km) 10. In terms of the water discharged, Congo is just the second largest river in this world. The longest of the great Siberian rivers is the Lena River, which is a little over 2,700 miles, stretching out from the Baikal Mountains to the Arctic Laptev Sea. It is also Asia’s longest river. Its longest headwater was the Selenga river of Mongolia: it drained through ice-dammed lakes and the Aral Sea and the Caspian Sea to the Black Sea. Futhermore, the river is the longest in the world to flow in a single country and the sixth largest river by discharge volume. © 2019 Triponzy | Part of Techlomedia Internet Pvt Ltd. If the difference in lengths between given information sources is significant, all lengths are listed. Traditionally, the Nile is considered longer, but recent information suggests that the Amazon may be longer. Scientists debate whether the Amazon or the Nile is the longest river in the world. The name in a native language or alternate spelling may be shown. 1. It originates from the Australian Alps with 1,430 m elevation and flows through New South Wales and South Australia Victoria forming the border of these two states. Mississippi-Missouri (6,275 km)5. It is a part of the hydro logical cycle; Water typically collects in the … For most rivers, different sources provide conflicting information on the length of a river system. It is also known as River Plate or La Plata River. It is also the deepest river with a depth of approximately 230 m on earth, and it was earlier known as Zaire River. The longest rivers, basically created by thousands of streams and tributaries, sometimes run between different countries. (See Rivers of the United States for other U.S. The river basin of the Yangtze houses one-third of the population of China, the most populated country in the world. The world’s largest hydropower project on Yangtze River is called the Three Gorges Dam, a natural border between North China and South China. The Amur river comes Russia and meets Argun to join the Pacific. Mackenzie River has a total length of 4,241 kilometers which makes it the longest river system in Canada and the 13th world’s longest river. [27] There is some debate as to whether this river would have flowed southwest into what is now the English Channel, or flowed north, emerging into the North Sea close to modern Yorkshire. The source of the river may be a tributary with its own name before it flows into the main (parent) river. Salmon and Sturgeon are amongst the most found fish in the river, which makes a brilliant spot for fishing. Amazon River is the largest river in the world by discharge (this is the volume of water moving down a stream per unit of time) and the second longest river by length. Whether you decide to swim, kayak or fish, these rivers would be the longest rivers on earth and supply endless adventures. In other words, freshwater on the Brahmaputra River is also a trans-boundary river like the Mekong river which flows through China, India, and Bangladesh. A river may have multiple channels, or anabranches. The Nile – known as ‘the father of African rivers’ is the longest river in Africa – and the world (though disputed, as mentioned above). It is also the longest river to flow inside Russia. Yellow River (5,464 km) 7. Among a complex system of international waterways, the longest rivers in the world are in many ways the most noteworthy—but some items on this list may surprise you. Whether you’re plotting your next overseas getaway or simply looking to feed your wanderlust, this list of the 10 longest rivers in the world should help you get started. 1. Rivers have now become a lot more than just sources of water. Nile River, Africa. 1,061,469 sq m is its basin size. Current scientific research favours the former opinion, with the Thames and Rhine meeting in a large lake, the outflow of which was close to the present-day Straits of Dover. This river is called “Beige” by the Chinese, which means the black river. There are many significant rivers spread all over the world, yet there are a few, which are so gigantic and long that the entire biological system of numerous nations relies upon them. The headwaters of Apurimac River on Nevado Mismi had been considered Amazon’st most distant source until a study in 2014 found it to be the headwaters of Mantaro River in Peru. The Three Gorges Dam on the river is the biggest hydroelectric dam in the world. In 2009, a study published in the International Journal of Digital Earth showed that the Nile is much longer than the length it was previously measured, and if this length is taken into account, Nile remains the longest. Besides been the 9th amongst world’s largest rivers. There is no denying that the river is one of the greatest gifts from mother nature. Also taken into consideration is the furthest water source which drains into the river. Whether you’re plotting your next overseas getaway or simply looking to feed your wanderlust, this list of the 10 longest rivers in the world … A. Yenisei River (5,539 km) 6. It is about 4,700 km long, and its drainage basin is 3,680,000 kilometers squares by the amount of water released, it is the ninth longest river … The Nile River is the longest river in the world which is about 7,088 km long. The river is situated in areas that experience harsh cold is ice-free for only 130 days a year. The Mississippi- Missouri river system is the largest in the USA and North America. The origin of this river is in the Manasarovar Lake region, near Mount Kailash, located on the northern side of the Himalayas. The length of Niger which is one of the longest rivers in the world is 4,180 km or 2,597 miles. Differences in the recorded length of the Amazon mainly depend on whether the course south of the. This African wonder travels through eleven countries, which include Ethiopia, Eretria, Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Egypt, Congo, and South Sudan. Río de la Plata (4,880 km) 9. From an aerial point of view, rivers are simply stunning. The following table lists the principal rivers of the world including the name, source location, outflow, and approximate length. Rivers of the World: World's Longest Rivers. Naturally, there is a disagreement over the answer to this question. Take a look at a map of the United States or of any country in the world. The Nile has traditionally been considered longer, but in recent years two unpublished studies[5][6] have suggested that the Amazon is longer by measuring the river plus the adjacent Pará estuary and the longest connecting tidal canal. The tributaries merge together in the Sudanese city of Khartoum and flow north into the Mediterranean Sea. Most people think the River Nile is the longest in the world. The 2 rivers combine to become the 10 longest river in the world. [7] A peer-reviewed article published in the International Journal of Digital Earth comes to the conclusion that the Nile is longer. It originates in Guinea Highlands and covers different countries like Guinea, Mali, Niger, Benin and Nigeria. In the winters, the river sometimes freezes and floods can be a result. Along with salmon and Sturgeon, there are about 140 different types of fish found in the waters of Amur, which is more than any Russian River. In particular, there exists disagreement as to whether the Nile or the Amazon is the world's longest river. The world is a massive place and filled with lots of beautiful places to visit and things to do. Earth is the most habitable planet in our (known) universe and is made of many rivers all around the world. Amazon River (6,992 km) 3. (1995) ", Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Studies from INPE indicate that the Amazon River is 140km longer than the Nile", "Pinpointing the sources and measuring the lengths of the principal rivers of the world", "Amazon Longer Than Nile River, Scientists Say", "Scientists pinpoint sources of four major international rivers", "Impact of Humans on the Flux of Terrestrial Sediment to the Global Coastal Ocean", "The Chilliwack River Valley: An Outdoor Enthusiast's Paradise", "Amazon river flowed into the Pacific millions of years ago", Weichselian palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment in Europe: Background for palaeogroundwater formation, The Pleistocene evolution of the Thames and Rhine drainage systems in the southern North Sea Basin (abstract), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rivers_by_length&oldid=981511619, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles needing additional references from August 2010, All articles needing additional references, Articles that may contain original research from May 2017, All articles that may contain original research, Articles that may contain original research from June 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015, Articles lacking reliable references from June 2009, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, China (52.4%), Myanmar (43.9%), Thailand (3.7%). Flooding occurs annually as a result of the melting of ice in spring. There are many long rivers in the world, but which ones are the longest? Read More, List of river islands in India. With the advent of technology, the water transport systems have developed and we no longer need to settle on the river banks. The Yangtze is also the longest river in Asia and the longest in the world to flow entirely within one country. The Yangtze River is the world’s third longest river and the longest to flow entirely within one country. Only 111 miles apart, the Nile River in Africa is the longest river in the world in comparison to its runner-up, the Amazon River, located in South America. Approx. Alongside being one of the longest rivers in the world, the Congo River is also the deepest at upwards of 230 meters! Here are the 5 longest rivers in the world in terms of its length, along with few interesting facts about them. Notice how towns and cities tend to be located next to rivers? The Nile River is the longest river in the world which is about 7,088 km long. The River Yangtze is the longest river in China. A river is a natural flowing waterfall, usually freshwater, which flows towards the sea, sea, lake or any other river. This river origins from Guinea Highlands and passes through Guinea, Mali, Niger, Benin and Nigeria. During the last glacial maximum, much of what is now the southern part of the North Sea was land, known to archaeologists as Doggerland. It empties itself in Murray mouth in South Australia. During the monsoon, the width of this river with absolutely no bridges can reach up to 190 kilometers. You can either take in the amazing scenery at the Amur River or become a part of the two-week-long Egyptian celebrations of the Nile and make memories worth a lifetime with your loved ones. The Hukou Waterfall that originates from his river is the second largest waterfall in China. It is one of the major rivers of North-East Africa. More than 95% of the Egyptian population lives within a few miles of the banks of Nile. So, with these caveats in mind, here is our take on the 10 longest rivers in the world: Nile River – 6,650 km Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Egypt, Democratic Republic of Congo, South … There are many long rivers in the world, but which ones are the longest? This river is addressed by different names in each country and contains 16 WWF ecoregions of the ‘Global 200’. The longest river in the world is even longer than the distance from New York to Rome and is also known as Marañón and Solimões river. Nile River, The mighty Nile River, is the longest river on the planet at 4,132 miles (6,650 kilometres). Rivers have been a source of water for human lives. The Niger is the third-longest river in Africa and 14th longest river in the world with a length of 4,180 km approx. They have become recreational spots, being hosts to many activities such as kayaking, boating, and fishing. Shiv kids education is covered here Top 10 longest rivers in the world in 2020 with picture. [7] Yangtze River (6,418 km)4. MAP 1MAP 2GOOGLE MAPS OF NILE RIVER Nile River is the longest in the World shared by 11 countries namely Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, DP Congo, Kenya, Ethiopia, … It is the twelfth longest river in the world and the seventh longest in Asia with an estimated length of 4,350 km. Find our more, About Us   |   Write for US   |   Terms of use   |   Privacy Policy   |   Blog   |   Contact us. It is the fourth longest stream in Asia and is twelfth on our rundown on the planet. If considered a river, it is the widest river in the world with a width of about 2,000 kilometers. rivers.) When combined with the lower Mississippi River, it forms the world's fourth longest river … In 2007, scientists on an expedition discovered that Amazon was much longer than the Nile, which made Amazon the longest river in the world. The river takes drainage from a sparsely populated, semi-arid watershed of more than half a million square miles (1,300,000 km2), which includes parts of ten U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. The list of the longest rivers ends here and you can now decide which picturesque riverbank is the next in your visit list. The topic of the longest river in the world has been a much-debated issue for the past two decades. The former hypothesis would have produced a shorter river, some 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) in length. As its source, … Among a complex system of international waterways, the longest rivers in the world are in many ways the most noteworthy—but some items on this list may surprise you. Lena River (4,400 km) 12. Egypt and Sudan are the origins of Nile River. Mackenzie (4,241 km)14. 10 Longest Rivers In The World. lengthRiver Source Outflow mi. Most people still agree that the Nile is the longest river in the world, but there is now an element of doubt! Given underneath are the twelve longest waterways on the planet, which covers a tremendous area and provides water to an extensive number of individuals: 12. Yellow River (5,464 km)7. It has a very slow flow and is one of the muddiest major rivers in the world. The presence of these beautiful rivers makes every destination special with its never-ending water flow. The length may depend on whether the center or the edge of the river is measured. Amur River (4,444 km)11. Nile River (7,088 km) 2. It is also home to wonderful wildlife, and the cause of the annual two-week holiday in Egypt called the ‘Wafaa an-Nil’. The Amazon is the longest river in the world, and its name comes from the many native female warriors that attacked the expedition of Francisco de Orellana in the river in 1541; they …