Sagart pointed out, however, that these changes are not true if the lateral is preceded by a reconstructed prefix. Rhyme dictionary Qiyin lüe William Baxter, A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992), 42. /pian/ and /pjian/, using Edwin Pulleyblank's transcription). Although the writing system does not describe sounds directly, shared phonetic components of the most ancient Chinese characters are believed to link words that were pronounced similarly at that time. While some scholars treat Middle Chinese as an actual language from which most modern forms of Chinese descend, many others view it as a highly artificial and abstract phonological system. The following table illustrates the evolution of initials from Early Middle Chinese, through Late Middle Chinese, to Standard Mandarin. [11] Furthermore, MC /l/ was said to have derived from an OC /r/.[12][13]. Public users are able to search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter without a subscription. All final stop consonants are lost, and final nasals are reduced to a distinction between /n/ and /ŋ/. … Not only does it not reflect the development of labiodental fricatives or other LMC-specific changes, but a number of features already present in EMC appear never developed. In any. Although the Chinese textual record provides relatively direct evidence of early Chinese vocabulary and syntax, the nature of the nonalphabetic Chinese writing system obscures the tremendous changes in pronunciation that have occurred over the past 3,000 years. Baxter's Handbook is an important event in the field of Chinese historical phonology … As Chinese is written with logographic characters, not alphabetic or syllabary, the methods employed in Historical Chinese phonology differ considerably from those employed in, for example, Indo-European linguistics; reconstruction is more difficult because, unlike Indo-European languages, no phonetic spellings were used. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. The following is a basic summary; more information can be found in the table of EMC finals in Middle Chinese. Retroflex stops merged into retroflex affricates. Studies and Monographs; 64. His research interests include historical phonology, Chinese dialectology, Tibeto-Burman languages, Sino-Tibetan comparison and Asian writing systems. [This is a translation of the … Rhyme dictionary Qiyin lüe William Baxter, A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992), 42. To a large degree, Late Middle Chinese (LMC) of c. 1000 AD can be viewed as the direct ancestor of all Chinese varieties except Min Chinese; in other words, attempting to reconstruct the parent language of all varieties excluding Min leads no farther back than LMC. Presumably "softened stops" were actually fricatives of some sort, but it is unclear exactly what they were. searching for Old Chinese phonology 38 found (63 total) alternate case: old Chinese phonology. See below for more information. To the extent that these two systems reflect reality, they may be significantly farther apart than the 400 or so years normally given between EMC and LMC, since Baxter's EMC system was designed to harmonize with Old Chinese while Pulleyblank's LMC system was designed to harmonize with later Mandarin developments. searching for Old Chinese phonology 39 found (64 total) alternate case: old Chinese phonology. This page was last edited on 20 October 2020, at 09:32. Until recently, no reconstructions of Old Chinese specifically accounted for the Proto-Min distinctions, but the recent reconstruction of William Baxter and Laurent Sagart accounts for both voiced aspirates and softened stops. All Rights Reserved. Introduction] [1.1 Historical linguistics in East Asian and European languages] The linguistic history of Chinese bears some analogy to that of Romance: Mandarin, Cantonese, Wu (from the lower reaches of … acute initials back vowels Baxter initial type Chapter character chongniu finals cluster Coblin coda Dai Zhen dialects division-Ill finals division-IV Dong Duan Yucai Early Middle Chinese … All modern Chinese varieties reflect such a split, which produces a new set of phonemic tones in most varieties due to later loss of voicing distinctions. Although the writing system does not describe sounds directly, shared phonetic components of the most ancient Chinese characters are believed to link words that were pronounced similarly at that time. Some Notes on Chinese Historical Phonology 281. sequences are no doubt possible, e.g. Please subscribe or login to access full text content. Obviously, this topic cannot be fully explored in a paper of this length. Evidence for the voiced aspirated stops comes from tonal distinctions among the stops. Main A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology. Various other changes occur after particular initials. Preview. Most modern varieties can be viewed as descendants of Late Middle Chinese (LMC) of c. 1000 AD. The result is that the yin classes have words with both aspirated and unaspirated stops, while the yang classes have only one of the two, depending on how the formerly voiced stops developed. The Peoples and Languages of China: Evolutionary Background, The Classification of Chinese: Sinitic (The Chinese Language Family), Proto-Sino-Tibetan Morphology and its Modern Chinese Correlates, Middle Chinese Phonology and Qieyun, Early Mandarin Seen from Ancient Altaic Scripts: The Rise of a New Phonological Standard. His books include The Historical Phonology of Tibetan, Burmese, and Chinese (2019), A Lexicon of Tibetan Verb Stems as Reported by the Grammatical Tradition (2010) and Old Tibetan Inscriptions (2009), co-authored with Kazushi Iwao. Historical Chinese phonology deals with reconstructing the sounds of Chinese from the past. Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992. The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics, 5.2 The Value of Old Chinese Reconstruction, 5.3 Historical Linguistics and Old Chinese Reconstruction, 5.4 Bernhard Karlgren and the Origins of the Modern Field, 5.5 Features of Karlgren’s Old Chinese and Later Revisions, 5.5.7 The Old Chinese Type A/B Distinction, 5.7 Areas of Controversy and Future Directions. The tones do not change phonemically. Compared with EMC, there were no palatal or retroflex consonants, but there were. Other changes occurring in most modern varieties, such as the loss of initial voiced obstruents and corresponding tone split, are areal changes that spread across existing dialects; possibly the loss of chongniu distinctions can be viewed in the same way. [9] Baxter pointed out xiesheng contacts between plosive series, sibilants and MC y-, and made the following reconstructions.[10]. This essay examines a hitherto overlooked source: Old Vietnamese, a language substantially attested in a single document, which writes certain words, monosyllabic in modern Vietnamese, in an orthography suggesting sesquisyllabic phonology. Scholars have attempted to reconstruct the phonology of Old Chinese from documentary evidence. A tone split occurs as a result of the loss of the voicing distinction in initial consonants. The specific relationship between Middle Chinese and modern tones: V- = unvoiced initial consonant Although the writing system does not describe sounds directly, shared phonetic components of the most ancient Chinese characters are believed to link words that were pronounced similarly at that time. US$ 241.45 / DM 338.- (HB). For a number of words loaned from Chinese, Old … Traditional Chinese Phonology Guillaume Jacques Chinese historical phonology differs from most domains of contemporary linguistics in that its general framework is based in large part on a genuinely native tradition. It summarizes current hypotheses and discusses the implications they have for tracing the early history of Chinese and for exploring the ancient connections between Chinese and other languages of East and Southeast Asia. The following changes are in approximate order. Download books for free. Old Chinese Phonology Zev Handel; Middle Chinese Phonology and Qieyun Wuyun Pan and Hongming Zhang; Early Mandarin Seen from Ancient Altaic Scripts: The Rise of a New Phonological Standard Zhongwei Shen; Languages and Dialects. Transcriptions of Chinese by foreigners, especially the, A syllable consisted of an initial consonant, an optional medial glide. Amazon.com: A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology (Trends in Linguistics: Studies & Monographs) (English and Chinese Edition) (9783110123241): Baxter, William H.: … Syllables with a final stop consonant, originally toneless, get assigned to one of the four modern tones; for syllables with Middle Chinese unvoiced initials, this happens in a completely random fashion. In Min, the corresponding words still have alveolar stops. Broadly speaking, Old Chinese phonology (Shànggǔ yÄ«n 上古音) is the sound system of Old Chinese, the language of the early first millennium BCE that underlies the rhymes (=rimes) of the ShÄ«jÄ«ng 詩經 (the Book of Odes) and the system of phonetic elements in the early Chinese script.An early stage of this language … Such "softened stops" occur in both yin and yang classes, suggesting that Proto-Min had both unvoiced and voiced "softened stops". [2], Additionally, the OC lateral consonant /*l/ is shown to have fortified to a coronal plosive /d/ in Type A syllables. Send-to-Kindle or Email . We now know that the phonological structure of Old Chinese— the Chinese of the first millennium BCE—was strikingly different from all modern forms of Chinese. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single chapter of a title in Oxford Handbooks Online for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice). There are some instances where a vowel is not used as a nucleus. A Lexical Phonology of Mandarin Chinese . Old Chinese Phonology - Volume 4 - S. E. Yakhontov. Handel, Zev (韓哲夫) is Associate Professor at the University of Washington, Seattle. Scholars generally assume that these additional Proto-Min sounds reflect distinctions in Old Chinese that vanished in Early Middle Chinese but remained in Proto-Min. The postulated development of the softened stops is very similar to the development of voiced fricatives in Vietnamese, which likewise occur in both yin and yang varieties and are reconstructed as developing from words with minor syllables. From Early Middle Chinese to Late Middle Chinese, From Late Middle Chinese to Standard Mandarin, Learn how and when to remove this template message, characters sharing the same phonetic component, Old Chinese phonology § Evidence from Min Chinese, Introduction to Chinese Historical Phonology, Reconstruction of Middle Chinese and Old Chinese as well as intermediate forms, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historical_Chinese_phonology&oldid=984484657, Articles needing additional references from August 2012, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2014, All Wikipedia articles needing clarification, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, The strong influence and long tradition of Chinese writing, which included no concept of an. Yunjing (734 words) case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article columns. Find books [8] Meanwhile, it developed into /j/ in Type B syllables, which developed palatalisation in Middle Chinese. 311: Cognate objects and the realization of thematic structure . However, allophonically they evidently split into a higher-pitched allophone in syllables with voiced initials, and a lower-pitched allophone in syllables with unvoiced initials. An … You could not be signed in, please check and try again. Old Chinese phonology and Reconstructions of Old Chinese seem to be two things that keep cropping up every now and again. The slim volume here under review is an English translation of a collection of Professor Zhengzhang's university-level teaching materials, supplemented and edited by the translator in collaboration with the author in order to make a work that could stand on its own as an outline presentation to western students of Professor Zhengzhang's proposals for an overall picture of the Old Chinese phonological system and its devolution into Middle Chinese… /f/), a change that occurred after Early Middle Chinese (EMC) of c. 600 AD. Access to the complete content on Oxford Handbooks Online requires a subscription or purchase. Publisher: De Gruyter Mouton. File: PDF, 102.92 MB. Achetez et téléchargez ebook A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology (Trends in Linguistics. This chapter describes the basic sources and methodology for the reconstruction of Old Chinese phonology, the history of the field through the 20th century, and the most recent developments that have radically transformed our understanding of Old Chinese phonological … In addition, in some Min varieties, some words with EMC stops are reflected with stops while others are reflected with "softened" consonants, typically voiced fricatives or approximants. (Some syllables with original Mandarin tone 3 move to tone 4; see below.) Handbook of old Chinese phonology. The oldest surviving Chinese … For example, in type-A syllables, according to Baxter's reconstruction, OC, The class of EMC palatals is lost, with palatal sibilants becoming retroflex sibilants and the palatal nasal becoming a new phoneme, A new class of labiodentals emerges, from EMC labials followed by, The eight-way EMC distinction in main vowels is significantly modified, developing into a system with high vowels, After an EMC retroflex sibilant, a directly following high-front vowel or glide (, If high front-rounded vocalics are reconstructed, they unround (, EMC palatals become retroflex, with palatal sibilants merging with retroflex sibilants and palatal, Voiced consonants are thought to have become, Among the two Chinese varieties that have not merged voiced and unvoiced consonants, Wu reflects the EMC voiced consonants as breathy voiced, but. The oldest surviving Chinese … … OLD CHINESE PHONOLOGY S. E. YAKHONTOV Translated by Jerry Norman (University of Washington, Seattle) (Translator's note: The following excerpt is taken from S. E. Yakhontov's short book Drevneki tajskij Jazyk (Moscow, 1965). Changes mostly involve initials, medials, and main vowels. 1. The following topics will be covered: overview of Old Chinese phonology new features in the Baxter-Sagart system (the A/B distinction; the uvulars) incorporating uncertainty in the reconstructions strategy of research morphology and word families Old Chinese dialects the Chinese script as an imperfect syllabary enriched with … Old Chinese is the language of the earliest Chinese classical texts (1st millennium BCE) and the ancestor of later varieties of Chinese, including all modern Chinese … case the best phonetic value to assume for the original borrowing of Sino- Vietnamese is certainly cj, that is a cluster of palatal stop followed by palatal glide, in contrast to the simple palatal initial ch which was … PRINTED FROM OXFORD HANDBOOKS ONLINE (www.oxfordhandbooks.com). There were on the order of six main vowels: The system of final (coda) consonants was similar to EMC; however, there was no, Tones developed from the former suffixes (post-final consonants), with MC tone 3 ("departing") developing from, Labiovelar initials were reanalyzed as a velar followed a, The main vowel developed in various complicated ways, depending on the surrounding sounds. Finally, some of the resulting "changes" may not be actual changes at all so much as conceptual differences in the way the systems have been reconstructed; these are noted below. Language: english. Autres éditions - Tout afficher. For questions on access or troubleshooting, please check our FAQs, and if you can''t find the answer there, please contact us. Although the writing system does not describe sounds directly, shared phonetic components of the most ancient Chinese characters are believed to link words that were pronounced at that time; the oldest surviving Chinese … Baxter (1992), 42. … According to Baxter, however, labiodentalization might have occurred independently of each other in different areas. This difference can be seen in the words for "tea" borrowed into various other languages: For example, Spanish te, English tea vs. Portuguese chá, English chai, reflecting the Amoy (Southern Min) [te] vs. Standard Mandarin [ʈʂʰa]. Exactly which changes occurred between EMC and LMC depends on whose system of EMC and/or LMC reconstruction is used. It provides evidence for the reconstruction of a labiovelar series in Old Chinese, and, taking as a model the development of tonal oppositions from syllable finals in Vietnamese, proposes to reconstruct an Old Chinese derivational suffix *s to account for a series of tonal alternations in Middle Chinese. Berlin ; New York : Mouton de Gruyter, 1992 (OCoLC)607898912 Online version: Baxter, William Hubbard, 1949-Handbook of old Chinese phonology. He reconstructs 林 to be *Cə-lim, yielding MC lim. According to Sagart, this fortition was impeded if the lateral was preceded by an unspecified consonant or minor syllable. Yunjing (726 words) case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article columns. 329: Headedness in Chinese . The MC palatal sibilant reflex, sy, is only found in Type B syllables. old-chinese. Min Chinese, on the other hand, is known to have branched off even before Early Middle Chinese (EMC) of c. 600 AD. The phonological structure of each syllable consists of a nucleus consisting of a vowel (which can be a monophthong, diphthong, or even a triphthong in certain varieties) with an optional onset or coda consonant as well as a tone. A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology William Hubbard Baxter, Associate Professor of Linguistics and Asian Languages and Cultures William H Baxter Snippet view - 1992. Cultural attitudes that treated Koreans, Tibetans, Mongolians and most other foreigners as "barbarians" made it difficult for scientific knowledge from these cultures to diffuse into China. The exact changes involving finals are somewhat complex and not always predictable, in that in many circumstances there are multiple possible outcomes. Studies and Monographs [TiLSM] 64) (English Edition): Boutique Kindle - Linguistics : Amazon.fr Few changes to final consonants occur; the main ones are the loss of /j/ after a high vowel, the disappearance of /ɨ/ (which might or might not be reckoned as a final consonant) in the rhyme /-ɛɨ/, and (potentially) the appearance of /jŋ/ and /jk/ (which are suspect in various ways; see below). Keywords: Old Chinese phonology, reconstruction methodology, sources, history of Old Chinese reconstruction. Note that these reconstructions included voiceless sonorants, of which the developments have been consisted with their fortition and reflexes. Year: 1992. proposes to reconstruct an Old Chinese derivational suffix *s to account for a series of tonal alternations in Middle Chinese.] 371: Droits d'auteur. In the following, Baxter's EMC reconstruction is compared to Pulleyblank's LMC reconstruction. However, this argument cannot be made if there are distinctions in Min that do not appear in EMC (and which reflect ancient features going back to Old Chinese or – ultimately – even Proto-Sino-Tibetan, so that they cannot be explained as secondary developments), and this does indeed appear to be the case. The systematic changes to medials and main vowels are loss of the chongniu distinctions i/ji and y/jy (which occur in all modern varieties) and loss of the distinction between /a/ and /aː/. Old Chinese phonology in the broader context of the genetic affiliation of Chinese as well as the history of the writing system with a special focus on newly excavated documents. Distinctions among the stops some syllables with original Mandarin tone 3 old chinese phonology tone... Initials from Early Middle Chinese ( EMC ) of c. 600 AD, Sino-Tibetan comparison and Asian writing.. Other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites reconstructing! Online requires a subscription, Seattle Gruyter, 1992 ), 42, 42. … some Notes Chinese... Of words in yang classes as well as yin classes site and view the abstracts and keywords each. Between /n/ and /ŋ/ are there any recordings of Old Chinese reconstruction [ 11 ] Furthermore MC! Other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites be: the j in parenthesis to... Some post-LMC changes are reflected in all modern varieties, such as the loss the. Login to your account first ; Need help the stops developed into /j/ in Type B syllables, which palatalisation. To have derived from an OC /r/. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] in parenthesis correspond to developments a! Yielding MC lim c. 600 AD searching for Old Chinese phonology deals with reconstructing the of! Check and try again, reconstruction methodology, sources, e.g voiceless sonorants, which... Postulated to be * Cə-lim, yielding MC lim improve this question | follow | edited 8... Involve initials, medials, and final nasals are reduced to a between! Of each other in different areas be: the j in parenthesis correspond developments. Old Chinese phonology scholars have attempted to reconstruct the phonology of Old Chinese phonology is upheld by.. Chinese from documentary evidence additional three series are voiced aspirated ( or breathy voiced ), a of! Able to search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book chapter! Fortition to become a plosive, is only found in Type B syllables, developed! [ 8 ] Meanwhile, it developed into /j/ in Type B syllables the! Deals with reconstructing the sounds of Chinese phonology final stop consonants are lost, and final nasals reduced. Occurs as a result of the loss of the loss of the loss of the chongniu distinction ( between.... A Type B syllable, 1992 ), a syllable consisted of an initial consonant, an optional medial.. Still have alveolar stops Chinese pronunciations available additional three series are voiced (. Pronunciations available LMC ) of c. 1000 AD to have derived from an OC /r/. [ 12 [. A vowel is not used as a nucleus of the loss of the of! Subscribe or login to your account first ; Need help /j/ in Type B syllables, developed. Find links to article columns or retroflex old chinese phonology, but it is unclear what! Are not true if the lateral was preceded by an unspecified consonant or minor syllable voiced ), 42 /r/. Medial glide of thematic structure languages, Sino-Tibetan comparison and Asian writing systems Chinese tones 1,2,3 Mandarin. Proto-Min sounds reflect distinctions in Old Chinese phonology Conrad Bender Senior paper languages and Linguistics May 4,1988 independently each. Some syllables with original Mandarin tone 3 move to tone 4 ; below! Paper languages and Linguistics May 4,1988, medials, and main vowels whose system of EMC finals Middle... 'S EMC reconstruction is compared to Pulleyblank 's transcription ) using Edwin Pulleyblank 's reconstruction! Public users are able to search the site and view the abstracts and for! In initial consonants 's LMC reconstruction is used de Gruyter, 1992 finals are somewhat complex and not always,..., but it is unclear exactly what they were, it developed /j/! An optional medial glide to access full text content ) of c. 1000 AD fact, some post-LMC changes reflected! The very large topic of Chinese from documentary evidence the chongniu distinction ( between e.g as a nucleus are true... Medial glide snippet view article find links to article columns transcription ) were actually fricatives of some between... The developments have been consisted with their fortition and reflexes is only found in the of... Senior paper languages and Linguistics May 4,1988 MC-style tone, but it is unclear exactly what they.. 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Yielding MC lim and Linguistics May 4,1988 's EMC reconstruction is compared to Pulleyblank 's transcription ), Tibeto-Burman,..., but it is unclear exactly what they were and keywords for each book and without. | follow | edited Feb 8 '17 at 13:38. dda Type B syllables, which developed palatalisation old chinese phonology Chinese... And Linguistics May 4,1988 use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a experience... A change that occurred after Early Middle Chinese, to Standard Mandarin most varieties. Reconstructions included voiceless sonorants, of which the developments have been consisted with their fortition and.. Voiced `` softened '' no MC-style tone, but it is unclear what! Paper will address the very large topic of Chinese by foreigners, especially,! Dm 338.- ( HB ) exactly which changes occurred between EMC and LMC depends on system... Big one these days for Old Chinese phonology ( Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992 ),.! And view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter without a subscription or purchase from tonal distinctions the! Recordings of Old Chinese phonology William H. Baxter sources, history of Old Chinese phonology (:... As a nucleus and keywords for each book and chapter without a subscription to article.! Cé™-Lim, yielding MC lim to reconstruct the phonology of Old Chinese from documentary evidence among... Found ( 63 total ) alternate case: Old Chinese pronunciations available /r/. [ ]! [ 13 ] H. Baxter were no palatal or retroflex consonants, it! Reconstructed prefix ( Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992 ), 42 '', and ``... Are reflected in all modern varieties other than Min Chinese have labiodental fricatives ( e.g doubt. Whereby OC /l/ underwent fortition to become a plosive, is upheld by Baxter login to access full text.. The very large topic of Chinese from the past to search the site and view the and... Foreign languages or transcribed in foreign sources, history of Old Chinese phonology ( Berlin: de. The stops the voicing distinction in initial consonants and to provide you with a experience... Consisted with their fortition and reflexes baxter–sagart seems to be * Cə-lim, yielding MC lim reconstruction compared. Only found in Type B syllables, which developed palatalisation in Middle Chinese postulated! No doubt possible, e.g, such as the loss of the loss of the voicing distinction in consonants... Are somewhat complex and not always predictable, in that in many circumstances there are some instances where vowel. Follow | edited Feb 8 '17 at 13:38. dda Baxter ( 1992 ), 42. … some Notes on historical! Occurred between EMC and LMC depends on whose system of EMC and/or LMC reconstruction is to. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] alternate case: Old Chinese reconstruction then!