The Romans used many sea- sonings to alter the taste of their wines, and this recipe is unusual only for the number of ingredients specified. Since it is my contention that Pisum Indicum belongs in the (by far) more numerous first group, an examination of the nomenclature of the remaining groups should demonstrate why "Indian peas" is an un- likely choice. London: Collins. (From the combination of worm- wood, mastic, spikenard, costmary, and saffron an earlier, pre-conquest, Egyptian source text is suggested.) Coquina definition is - a soft whitish limestone formed of broken shells and corals cemented together and used for building. The book comprises more than 400 recipes, and it is so esteemed that it has been preserved in numerous editions ever since. The Hittites. A look at the taxonomy of recipe titles in Apicius may elucidate the meaning of these "Indian peas." Other writers (Ampelius, Apuleius, Curtius, Horace, Jus- tinian, Pomponius Mela, Philumenus, Suetonius, Valerius, and Vitruvius) use the word to designate Indian geography, kingdoms, or products but do not specifically mention the blue dye indigo. 1922. Childe, Gordon. Cum coctum fuerit, teres piper, ligusticum, origanum, carei modicum, suffundis ius de suo sibi, vino et passo temperabis. By the reign of Trajan, however, Alexandria had been a Roman city for over a century and continued in its role as a major emporium of trade.To Apicius, the word probably had the cachet of wealth or opulence. The remaining fifteen titles (group 3) in Apicius refer to regions or to peoples. Just as Homer, the poet of the Achaians, wrote a description of a Troy whose existence was proven by close textual read- ings and subsequent field work by Schliemann, so Apicius, the Roman artist of cuisine, left recipes whose language can be emended and whose tastes can be verified through practical experiment in the modern kitchen. The connection with India is allusive simply because that is the source of the blue dye, the Indian substance mentioned by Dioscorides, Pliny, and others, which reminded Apicius of the color bequeathed by the cuttlefish to the peas, which then looked as if they had been blackened with indigo. "Liber de proprietatibus rerum." The third Apicius is said to have lived during the reign of the emperor Trajan in the 2nd century AD, and is credited with the invention of a special packaging that preserved the freshness of oysters that were transported over long dista… Then, the interior may be replaced by stuffing, or small amounts of stuffing may be inserted between the individual leaves.[13]. Ofellas Ostiensis is an hors d'oeuvre: choice squares of marinated pork cooked in a spicy sauce of typically Roman flavors: lovage, fennel, cumin, and anise. These can occur because when the meat reaches a safe temperature, the stuffing inside can still harbor bacteria (and if the meat is cooked until the stuffing reaches a safe temperature, the meat may be overcooked). Petronius Arbiter. Translation from Dutch to English. When the peas and cuttlefish are united, the completed dish takes on a hue which Apicius describes as Indicum;but in this context he is saying "indigo." The dressing season with crushed pepper, laurel berries and rue; if you like, add laser, the best kind of broth, reduced must and sprinkle with fresh oil. I would like to thank Peter Smith of the University of Victoria for his guidance and editorial suggestions for this paper and for his teaching when I was his student thirty years ago; and Barbara Gold, editor of AJP. These cases are consistent; but in the phrase pisum indicam the gender is confused, and in the phrase indicum pisum the syntax is irregular, since all of the other eight recipes for peas begin with Pisum, Pisam, Aliter pisa, or Aliter pisam. Does he customarily use geographi- cal terms? 1398. "blue Indian dye," as early as 1398 ("Indicum is founde in Caues of Inde . In his text there is little question of subjectivity in the nomenclature, or puns or literary allusions to test the reader. Ostia was (and is) a seaport at the "mouth" of the Tiber. New York: Barnes & Noble. Theodoricum Regem Francorum. Purportedly ancient Roman, or else Medieval, cooks developed engastration recipes, stuffing animals with other animals. A search through classical writers who deal with plants casts no light on the identity of "Indian peas." Indeed, in all ten books of the Coquinaria and in the later and derivative Excerpts of Vinidarius only twice does Apicius emerge from anonymity, at 4.2.12 ("ad mensam nemo agnoscet quid manducet"), and at 1.9.1 (miraberis);and, in any case, I think these uncharacteristic asides are really the happy observations of a copyist. what developed during the middle ages to … De re coquinaria Apicio Archivi – – Blog dedicated to the history The dasheen is a broad-leaved member of the arum family. Add them to the peas in their liquid. Rackham, H., ed. But this anomaly, an obvious interpolation by an editor hoping to please the probably mad Commodus, actually makes the conclusion inescapable: without exception, all known references to people in Apicius are to famous (or infamous) Roman figures. If so, does he indicate the source of foods not indigenous to the Empire, rather as a Canadian might specify French Beaujolais or Italian gorgonzola or Sumatran coffee? Consequently it would be natural for his chef to commemorate this event. Meanwhile cover cleaned cuttlefish with water, and cook in their ink until tender. Share. All are mentioned once, except for Vitellius (who receives three mentions) and Apicius himself (who receives seven). 1974. Pullum Parthicum and Haedum sive Agnum Parthicum, Parthian chicken and Parthian kid or lamb, have an exotic provenance, too, until one recalls that Trajan, the emperor whom Apicius served, was acclaimed "Parthicus" after his victory at Ctesiphon. W. 1985. Fruits and dried fruits can be added to stuffing including apples, apricots, dried prunes, and raisins. De re coquinaria (ou Ars Magirica, ou Apicius Culinaris) é um compêndio de receitas culinárias da Roma antiga, de autoria do gastrônomo Marcus Gavius Apicius (25 a.C. – 37 d.C.), que ficou conhecido a partir de manuscritos organizados por monges de Fulda nos séculos VIII e IX e editados somente no século XIX. Marcus Apicius's ancient cookbook De Re Coquinaria described polus, a Roman soup dating back to 30 AD made up of farro, chickpeas, and fava beans, with onions, garlic, lard, and greens thrown in. University Press. Columella, Cato, Varro, and Palladius. Sepias minutatim concidis et in pisum mittis. PHILOLOGY AND CUISINE IN DE RE COQUINARIA. Click EDIT to add/edit tags. New York: Paragon. The Roman recipe does not state that the sausage has to be cured, just smoked. : Harvard. Part of a complete English translation of Apicius’s de Re Coquinaria. In addition to stuffing the body cavity of animals, including birds, fish, and mammals, various cuts of meat may be stuffed after they have been deboned or a pouch has been cut into them. At first glance the remaining titles appear to be exceptions like "Indian peas." They are usually blanched first, in order to make their leaves more pliable. 1543. Poultry stuffing often consists of breadcrumbs, onion, celery, spices, and herbs such as sage, combined with the giblets. That this causes the sausage to remain pink instead of turning grey is a nice side effect. 1. It is "doctored" by the addition of elecampane, cyperus root, laurel, and salt. Turkey day turmoil: Is it stuffing or dressing? Milham, M. E., ed. In addition, the term was a byword for the ornate style with which the Parthians dressed their meats, as one can sense from Pliny's complaint: Then came the artists of the kitchens, and chickens were dressed to exhibit their haunches, or were split along their backs, and by spreading out from a single foot were made to cover whole serving dishes. While the Apician recipes, titled De Re Coquinaria, that have been scrutinised and studied for hundreds of years do indeed reflect accurate Roman Imperial food preparation and ingredients, it is often suggested that the recipes may have been devised as a tribute to Apicius, or Apician gluttony, as opposed to being created by his own hand in the 1st Century AD. [7][unreliable source? De Re Coquinaria. Minutal Matianum, 4.3.4: orchardist; circa 30 B.C.E. and trans. A full discussion of the cargo manifests of the yearly "pepper fleets" in the first century is contained in my introduction to The Roman Cookery of Apicius (1984). 1993. Instead of funding a police department, a sizable chunk of a city's budget is invested in communities, especially marginalized ones where much of the policing occurs. Firstly, Apicius uses the word "Alexandrine" for three of his delicate fish sauces, fume'es really, in book 10, and the phrase "in the manner of the Alexandrines" in a recipe for steamed squash. They include a philosopher (Lucretius), an orchardist (Matius), a grammarian (Varro), three emperors (Vitellius, Trajan, Commodus), a physician (Celsus), and a mythical Roman heroine (Tarpeia). The Roman Cookery of Apicius London: Hutchinson. Many foods may be stuffed, including poultry, seafood, and vegetables. An anonymous Andalusian cookbook from the 13th century includes a recipe for a ram stuffed with small birds. Apicius: L'art culinaire. Adicies oleum, liquamen et vinum, fasciculum porri et corandri. 1969. ], Names for stuffing include "farce" (~1390), "stuffing" (1538), "forcemeat" (1688), and relatively more recently in the United States; "dressing" (1850).[8][9]. Chicago: Walter Hill. Sutori. 1. First, small cuttlefish are cooked "together with their own ink" (cum atramento suo-atramento is used by Vitruvius and Pliny to mean a "black pigment"), and with this is con- structed a sauce of olive oil, stock, white wine, chives, and coriander. 1984. what elaborate and refined system of food preparation was brought from italy to france in the 1500s. However he is not imaginative anywhere else and the two meanings of indicus are always separate in the works of his more poetic contemporaries. chained_bear commented on the word De re coquinaria "... reliable information is in short supply. The presence of Ius Alexandrinum and Cucurbitas more Alexan- drino is further evidence that Apicius had compiled a text which was based on the long traditions of Mediterranean cuisine. Andre, Jacques, ed. This was extraordinary because of Apicius' imperative, laconic style, whose formulae more resemble the ritualistic epithets of the annals of the Hittite kings than the informed, conversational prose of an Elizabeth David or an M. F. K. Fisher. The earliest documentary evidence is the Roman cookbook, Apicius De Re Coquinaria, which contains recipes for stuffed chicken, dormouse, hare, and pig.Most of the stuffings described consist of vegetables, herbs and spices, nuts, and spelt (an old cereal), and frequently contain chopped liver, brains, and other organ meat. oxford england. But where do memes come from? It occurs in lists of pigments as in, for example, purpurissum, Indicum, caeruleum, Melinum, auripigmentum, Appianum, cerussa (35.49.1), and chrysocolla, Indicum, purpurissum (35.30.4), or in reference to the specific use of indigo as a dyeing agent in, for instance, "Indico tingunt stercora columbina aut cretam Selinusiam" (35.46.5). The Pantropheon. for this paper's improvements and corrections. Hirth, F. 1996. What is a meme, and what do the most popular memes actually mean? Then add leeks and coriander. 28 November, 2015 - 03:44 dhwty. Accordingly, a close following of the instructions given at 5.3.3. has the unavoidable result of BLACK peas, but not the variety grown in Roman gardens (the ancestor of our purple podded pea). Vehling (1936) has "Indian peas"; AndrC (1965) has "Pois indiens"; and Flower and Rosenbaum (1958) hedge their bets with "Peas, Indian manner." De re coquinaria. Absinthium Romanum is eponymous. The recipe titles are of three kinds: simple culinary descrip- tion (464 entries); addition of an historical person; addition of a refer- ence to a location or to a people. olive oil 112 c. fish stock 114 c. white wine 1 T. chives, 114 t. coriander 114 t. pepper 112 t. lovage pinch of caraway 112 t. oregano 112 c. peas stock 114 c. white wine 114 c. muscatel, Cook the peas, drain, leaving 112 cup liquid, and reserve the rest for the sauce. The work conventionally known by his name, Apicius —officially titled De re coquinaria (“The Art of Cooking”)—was likely not compiled until the 4th century. Of the twenty-three references to people in the recipe titles there are fourteen men and one woman (two names are repeated). Vol. Apicius. Companies are furloughing thousands of workers due to the economic fallout from the coronavirus pandemic. The Greeks in Bactria and India. Heseltine, Michael, ed. In England, a stuffing is sometimes made of minced pork shoulder seasoned with various ingredients, sage, onion, bread, chestnuts, dried apricots, dried cranberries etc. The variant readings are pisum indicam in the Codex Vaticanus and indicum pisum in the New York Academy of Medicine Codex. For those who want to dine, here is the complete recipe in Apicius: Pisum Indicum: pisum coques. It is a collection of lists and brief instructions, often formulaic, never personal. Through bisociation, the use of one discipline to illuminate another, some of them can be resolved. In its simplest form, it was soft fruit heated with sugar (or honey, in this case) and cooled, then stored. During this campaign Apicius arranged to have oysters delivered to this emperor (Ath. For the practice of filling out the skin of an animal for display, see, "Traditional Roast Chicken with Apple, Sage and Onion Stuffing, Cranberry and Sage Sauce and Chicken-giblet Gravy - English - Recipes - from Delia Online", "Hairy Bikers' Christmas turkey with two stuffings recipe", "Fail-Safe Pork & Sage Stuffing | Jamie Oliver", "Chicken ballottines with sage & pancetta", "Stuffed Braised Veal Breast Recipe : Anne Burrell", "Eight delicious, rich and nourishing recipes from Ukraine and beyond | Life and style", "Konundrum Engine Literary Review - TC Boyle Interview". Soyer, Alexis. While they are cooking add the olive oil, fish stock, white wine, chives, and coriander. and trans. Cartea originală a apărut în secolul I, pe timpul împăratului Tiberius, dar ultima versiune (care s-a păstrat până în zilele noastre) e cea din secolul al V-lea. and trans. If one holds to the translation of "Indian peas," it must be, then, a singular exception to the other 501 recipe titles, all of which connote people, places, or foods indigenous to the Empire at the beginning of the second century. Vols. Baiae was a resort town on the Cam- panian coast, famous for its oysters. who wrote de re coquinaria (on cooking) marcus apicius. London: Harrap. Serve in the hot sauce with a sprinkle of pepper.'. It is not known when stuffings were first used. Bodleian, Library. Apicius' de re coquinaria (Roman recipe book believed to have been compiled in the 4th/5th century CE) contains, in the book 3 "cepuros" on vegetables, a paragraph (XX, recipes 115 to 121) entitled " Et accipies sepias minutas, sic quomodo sunt cum atramento suo, ut simul coquantur. Leiden: E. J. Brill. JOSEPH DOMMERS VEHLING. Sutori. Some types of stuffing contain sausage meat, or forcemeat, while vegetarian stuffings sometimes contain tofu. Was there then an exotic variety, known to followers of Apicius, that was represented by this otherwise unremark- able recipe in what is perhaps the most prosaic of his chapters? THETEXT OF APICIUS' DE RE COQUZNARZA. Garum was an addition necessary in exquisite Roman cuisine. Conchicla Commodiana, 5.4.4:emperor; 180-192 C.E. Share. The reference is tantaliz- ing and colloquial, the words perhaps of an editor: "patellam aeneam qualem debes habere infra ostenditur" (4.2.14). [17], Edible substance or mixture used to fill a cavity in another food item while cooking, This article is about cooking. China and the Roman Orient. Simmer for 15 minutes. Oysters are used in one[15] traditional stuffing for Thanksgiving. Cook together for a few minutes over a low flame. Marcus Gavius Apicius: Top Gourmand of the Roman World. APPENDIX A: RECIPE TITLES REFERRING TO PEOPLE, Aliter Sala Cattabia Apiciana, 4.1.2: author of the Coquinaria;circa 50-117 C.E. The Embractum Baianum is in fact a splendid shellfish stew that begins, logically, with the oysters of the region and continues with mussels, sea urchins, celery, and coriander. .. some clemynge to the slyme and ayrie with wondre medlinge of kinde purpur and of blewe," Trevisa). Can any of these be regarded as names which are "foreign," that is, external to the boundaries of the empire in 117? Pullum Frontonianum, 6.8.12: orator; 100+ C.E.? Manuscript. 1961. ), his ingredi- ents may always be assembled with absolute confidence. Possibly Apicius himself acted out of character and had this in mind when he gave his recipe a metaphorical title. The first recipe for jam appears in the first known cookbook: De Re Coquinaria (The Art of Cooking) which dates from the 1st century AD. Part of a complete English translation of Apicius’s de Re Coquinaria. 1924. Now drain the cooked cuttlefish; chop finely. Bring the sauce to the boil, simmer to reduce, then keep hot. 5.0 • 1 Rating; Publisher Description. We heard you ask, so we created the ultimate meme dictionary to make sense of it all! [16], The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) states that cooking animals with a body cavity filled with stuffing can present potential food safety issues. Finally, if one discounts the atypical first (Tarpeia) and last (Commodus) dates, all persons named by Apicius lived between 94 B.C.E. London: Heinemann. where did the first cafe open. Recipes include stuffed chicken legs,[10] stuffed pork chops,[11] stuffed breast of veal,[12] as well as the traditional holiday stuffed turkey or goose. haute cuisine. 1936. 1.71.Apart from Tarpeia, a name from Rome's official and heroic past, only a recipe for conchicla is inconsistent with an Apician chronology. There are 470 entries in Apicius and 32 extracts in Vinidarius for a total of 502. English entry page to an English translation of the work, in turn part of a large site containing many Greek and Latin texts and translations. Other stuffings may contain only vegetables and herbs. The Aryans. In conclusion, the titles of group 2 are consistently domestic, not foreign. The word “meme” is both a noun and a verb, and it’s taken the Internet by storm in recent years. BY. Finally, Oleum Liburnicum is a recipe for ordinary Spanish olive oil, which is presented as choice Liburnian, a product of the northeast Adriatic coast. Anthimus: De Observatione Ciborum ad. The Hill edition, while adequate, is not as good as it could have been, however. 1963 Pliny: Natural History. Combine with wines. Patinam Apicianam, 4.2.14 Minutal Apicianam, 4.3.3 Conchiclam Apicianam, 5.4.2 Ofellas Apicianias, 7.4.2 Anserem Eli.xum Calidum Ex Iure Frigido Apiciano, 6.7 Porcellum Lacte Pastum Elixum Calidum Iure Frigido Crudo Apiciano, 8.7.6 Porcellum Celsinianum, 8.7.12: author of medical texts; circa 30 C.E. A similar recipe for a camel stuffed with sheep stuffed with bustards stuffed with carp stuffed with eggs is mentioned in T.C. Almost anything can serve as a stuffing. Este scrisă în limba latină de un gastronom pe nume Marcus Gavius Apicius. Edwards, John. National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stuffing&oldid=991068109, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles lacking reliable references from August 2009, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 28 November 2020, at 02:35. As eating habits and ingredients changed in Italy, so did minestrone. De Re Rustica. De re coquinaria. But are they? For turkeys, for instance, the USDA recommends cooking stuffing separately from the bird and not buying pre-stuffed birds. Many Anglo-American stuffings contain bread or cereals, usually together with vegetables, herbs and spices, and eggs. Animadversiones in Athenaei Deipnosophistas. [5] The stuffing mixture may be cooked separately and served as a side dish. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Pullum Numidicum, Numidian chicken, is a recipe which has a north African flavor, but of course Numidia had been a province since 46 B.C.E., and nothing in the directions is unusual when compared to the other fifteen in this section (6.8). Theophrastus: Enquiry into Plants and, Minor Works on Odours and Weather Signs. Cambridge, Mass. Lehmann, Johannes. Schweighaeuser, Iohannes, ed. To put it simply, the translation should fit the plate. .1986. The words must literally convey their meanings to the careful cook. Pliny does, I admit, use indicus in connection with pepper, Indicum piper (19.58.6); but this is the exception which proves the rule, since the indig- enous pepper plants (Piper longum, Piper nigrum) grew on the Malabar coast and resisted all attempts at cultivation in the west. 1977. Leipzig: Teubner. An earlier authority,Theophrastus (d. 285 B.c.E. However, I decided to use curing salt anyway. Coquinaria means something like: “things that have to do with cooking”. Piper asparges (et inferes). It is named, I think obsequiously, after Commodus, the em- peror who succeeded his father, the philosopher Marcus Aurelius, in 180. Appears in the recipes preserved in the work "De re coquinaria" of Apicius. Vehling, J. D., ed. I think the vegetable, like his prose, was homegrown! This may still be called stuffing or it may be called dressing. Libro de Marco Gavio Apicio. These variations are caused by the mixing of classical and late Latin forms in a text much altered by the long history of its transcription. Another example of unusual, that is English, syntax occurs with Frontinianum porcellum (8.7.10), "Frontinian pork.". Add to the reserved stock. These may also be combined with mashed potatoes, for a heavy stuffing. Although his text refers obliquely to his predecessors (the authors of lost Sicilian, Greek, and Egyptian monographs) and in spite of the fact that the sea routes which supplied Italian markets with oriental spices in the first century reached as far as southern China and the Banda Sea, the ascrip- tion of an historically interesting definition should be resisted unless the culinary facts are convincing. The classical cookbook wich is ascribed to a Roman nobleman named Apicius was titled De re coquinaria. Argentorati: Ex Typographia Societatis Bipontinae. Tarn, W. W. 1951. This is cookbook. The third atypical remark which puzzles is a reference to a lost and presumably illustrated version of his book. Pultes Iulianae does contain the name Julius, but the reference is to the nourish- ing potage eaten by the soldiers of Julius Caesar, which was made from purified spelt enriched with two kinds of ground meats, and seasoned with pepper, lovage, fennel, and reduced wine. He lists the familiar Greek and Italian varieties only and gives advice on their planting: common peas,Venus's peas, dove peas, chickpeas. Come the crusades, warriors brought back more complex concoctions from the Middle East. Vancouver: Hartley & Marks. English. So the phrase is not ambiguous. Loosen the meat from the bones by means of a wooden stick in order to fill the cavity left by the bones with a dressing which is introduced through a funnel. It follows, then, that what remains is the essential manual, stripped of nuance and personality through centuries of use and transmission, rather, American Journal of Philology 122 (2001) 255-263 02001 hy The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1958. [5][6], It is not known when stuffings were first used. His text is spare to the point of postmodern bleakness; there is nothing, except some of the actual ingredients, of the decadence of the Cena Trimalchionis. To make the sauce, grind coriander, pepper, lovage, oregano, and caraway. Roman Cookery Revised. Greek and Roman Maps. There are (at least) three figures in Roman history bearing the name ‘Apicius’. Apicius: De Re Coquinaria. The first of these is said to have lived at the turn of the 1st century BC, and was mentioned to have been a great gourmand. Marcus Gavius Apicius is one of those Roman names that have (almost) been lost to the ravages of time. Paris: Robert Stephen. The Coquinaria, like all great cookbooks, is above all a technical manual. like the spare lists of foodstuffs written by Anthimus in his De Obser- vatione Ciborum or in Gargilius' De Hortis. APPENDIX B: A MODERN VERSION OF PEAS INDIGO, 2 c. fresh, shelled peas 2 heads of leeks, chopped 112 t. coriander 1 c. small cuttlefish (sepia rondoletti) 1T. Ancient Book known as Apicius de re Coquinaria NOW FOR THE FIRST TIME RENDERED INTO ENGLISH BY JOSEPH DOMMERS VEHLING With a Dictionary of Technical Terms, Many Notes, Facsimiles of Originals, and Views and Sketches of Ancient Culinary Objects Made by the Author INTRODUCTION BY PROF. FREDERICK STARR Formerly of the University of Chicago The English forms indico, indigo, and endegro had by 1650 been reduced to the now familiar indigo. 1801. INTRODUCTION BY PROF. FREDERICK STARR Formerly of the University of Chicago NOW FOR THE FIRST TIME RENDERED INTO ENGLISH. Vol. Apicius: De Re Coquinaria. BudC. Within this historical and cultural context, there surfaces another book on the art of cooking, not very originally known as Libellus de arte coquinaria.It is the end of the thirteenth century, that is, the moment when the southern Italian Liber de coquina has begun circulating. Tomatoes, capsicums (sweet or hot peppers), vegetable marrows (e.g., zucchini) may be prepared in this way. Weber, S. H., ed. With a Dictionary of Technical Terms, Many Notes, Facsimiles of Originals, and Views and Sketches of Ancient Culinary Objects Made by the Author. London: Paddington. In the earliest printed editions, it was usually called De re coquinaria (On the Subject of Cooking), and attributed to an otherwise unknown Caelius Apicius, an invention based on the fact that one of the two manuscripts is headed with the words "API CAE" or rather because there are a few recipes attributed to Apicius in the text: Patinam Apicianam sic facies (IV, 14) Ofellas Apicianas (VII, 2). The book, originally titled De Re Coquinaria, is attributed to Apicius and may date to the 1st century A.C.E., though the oldest surviving copy comes from the end of the Empire, sometime in the 5th century. London: Heinemann. De re coquinaria sau Ars Magirica este cea mai veche carte de bucate care se cunoaște din Antichitatea romană. Site contains many Greek and Latin texts, translations and related. Hort, Sir Arthur, ed. It does not provide a Latin text, is said to be based on inferior manuscript tradition, and Vehling's translation is quirky and … Stuffing, filling, or dressing is an edible mixture, often composed of herbs and a starch such as bread, used to fill a cavity in the preparation of another food item. One may say with confidence that all of the above titles were distinctly Italian by the end of the first century. and trans. This all leads to the question of whether or not Apicius could buy peas imported from India in 70 C.E. Open any social media profile, and you’re bound to see one. Re definition is - the second note of the major scale in solfège. Patellam Lucretianum, 4.2.25: philosopher; 94-55 B.C.E. Porcellum Flacianum, 8.7.8:uncertain Frontinianum Porcellum, 8.7.10: engineer;30 C.E. These phrases take the accusative because the verb coques is as- sumed, while the gender is arbitrary throughout the section of recipes for peas in book 5, Ospreon.At 5.3.5, for instance, one reads Pisam Vitellianam sive fabam and later at 5.3.8, Pisam adulteram versatilem. Further, three are tactful dedica- tions to emperors, and six "titular" recipes are for pork dishes, reflecting the high status of this food in aristocratic or well-off Roman households. And so the Parthians consigned their own culinary fashions to those of our Roman cooks. In the recent past, how has this phrase been rendered? Dilke, 0.A. London: Heinemann. 71). Apicius is a text to be used in the kitchen. As with most ancient texts, copied over centuries, redacted, amended, and edited, the original cookbook is shrouded in mystery. English entry page to an English translation of the work, in turn part of a large site containing many Greek and Latin texts and translations. The earliest documentary evidence is the Roman cookbook, Apicius De Re Coquinaria, which contains recipes for stuffed chicken, dormouse, hare, and pig. If the reading Pisum Indicum, "Indian peas," is rejected on histori- cal evidence, and if no reasonable variants exist, a new reading can be based on context. In language and style of seasoning, many recipes echo lost Egyptian (and Sicilian) mono- graphs. Here is this classification with mul- tiple references indicated by a numeral: Absinthium Romanum, Embrac- tum Baianum, Ofellas Ostiensis, Minutal Terentinum, Perna apruna ita impletur Terentina, Pultes Iulianae, Lucanicae, Oleum Liburnicum, Pullum Numidicum, Ius Alexandrinum (3),Cucurbitas more Alexandrine, Pullum Parthicum, Haedum sive Agnum Parthicum. If one reads the title as referring to the ancient Julian gens, and, by extension, to the use of sacrificial potage in Apicius' time, it really has the essential meaning of "Roman." Libro de Marco Gavio Apicio. The only "Indian" food imported, besides the ubiquitous Piper longum, is Indian spikenard, a seasoning for game birds and sea urchins mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea and in Apicius at 1.30.2,6.5.4, and 9.8.2. and 117 C.E. This is where direct comparisons to "Indian peas" should occur if the reading stands, since references are adjectival and all follow their nouns, as with Pisum Indicum. An illustration of a probably misunderstood recipe title occurs at 5.3.3,Pisum Indicum, in the Milham text (1969). Paris: Guillaume. The Minutal Terentinum and the Perna apruna ita impletur Terentina refer, in all probability, to the cuisine practiced in the vicinity of the Campus Martius in Rome: the first is a ragout made of leeks, dumplings, and meatballs; the second, a gammon seasoned with pepper, laurelberry, and rue. I, Christianne Muusers, am Dutch, and most of my site is in Dutch too. Cambridge: Cambridge Uni-, versity Press. Most of the stuffings described consist of vegetables, herbs and spices, nuts, and spelt (an old cereal), and frequently contain chopped liver, brains, and other organ meat. Middle Eastern vegetable stuffings may be based on seasoned rice, on minced meat, or a combination thereof. Through bisociation, the use of one discipline to illuminate another, some of them can be resolved. Roast pork is often accompanied by sage and onion stuffing in England; roast poultry in a Christmas dinner may be stuffed with sweet chestnuts.