They are still confined to rearing and bearing of children. It is recommended that they should adopt orphan children. There has been no general return to the very large family of pre-industrial times, although some segments of our society still produce many unwanted children. Increased cost of production: Human inventiveness and technological progression makes it achievable to increase production of goods and services. To control population, preventive actions are being taken at global scale. Another aspect in controlling population is to raising the Status of Women. Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email. Growth and distribution of world population; demographicattributes; Causes and consequences of migration; concepts of over-under-and optimum population; Population theories, world population problems and policies, Objectives of National Population Policy (NPP) 2000 2. In an industrialized economy, the family is no longer the unit of production and individuals come to be judged by what they do rather than who they are. MyNAP members SAVE 10% off online. It guides you through the entire gambit of the IAS exam starting with notification, eligibility, syllabus, tips, quiz, notes and current affairs. cations for the pace of their economic development. The spread of education changes the views of people. Some of the programs have been triumphant, and the rate of increase has also reduced, but has still to reach the sustainable rate. A landmark in the population policy of the country was the draft statement of Population Policy, issued in the Parliament in 1976, expressing the government���s determination to control population growth. In either instance an economy, to grow, must divert effort and resources from producing for current consumption to the enhancement of future productivity. Effective population control measures are necessary in present scenario. Another factor that create problem in controlling population is that most of the population in India live in the rural areas. The main factors that greatly impact the population change are the birth rate, death rate and migration. Civil Service India is a website dedicated to the Civil Services Exam. In the File Attached Below, I have mentioned:. In the United States, for example, one can scarcely imagine that married couples have forgotten how to employ the contraceptive. World is facing major challenge of rapid increase in human population since last many decades, (UNFPA, 2011). But job opportunities are still limited and with lack of education and skills, many people are unemployed. Also, in rural areas, social and religious norms are more firmly followed. Migration is the number of people moving in (immigration) or out (emigration) of a country, place or locality. The influence of population on the financial system is apparently straightforward. Urbanisation should be encouraged. Briefly, the realistic question in the short run does not seem to be whether some increases in per capita income are possible while the population grows rapidly, but rather whether rapid population growth is a major deterrent to a rapid and continuing increase in per capita income. Annual growth rates in all these areas range from one and one-half to three and one-half per cent, doubling in 20 to 40 years. Moreover, this rate is still increasing. Calculations of this sort demonstrate without question not only that the current continued increase in the rate of population growth must cease but also that this rate must decline again. Nations where industrial development is slow, population is growing but most people struggle to survive due to deficit in medical facilities and shortage of water and food. It is well established that birth rate is mainly responsible for rapid population growth. The reason at least slight increases in per capita income appear feasible is that the low-income countries can import industrial and agricultural technology as well as medical technology. GEOGRAPHY SYLLABUS Paper 1. Although people from neighbouring countries like Bangladesh, Pakistan and Nepal, travel to India; at the same time Indians migrate to other countries like the U.S., Australia, and the U.K. During the 1971 war between India and Pakistan over Bangladesh, the immigration rate increased enormously. Government must devise policies for more employment opportunities. As the number of people in a pyramid increases, the issues associated with it becomes severe and worsen the situation of country. The decline in French births began late in the 18th century and the downward courses of the birth and death rates during the 19th century were more or less parallel.) The pattern of declining mortality and fertility that we have described for western Europe fits not only the western European countries upon which it is based but also, with suitable adjustment in the initial birth and death rates and in the time scale, eastern and southern Europe (with the exception of Albania), the Soviet Union, Japan, the United States, Australia, Canada, Argentina, and New Zealand. That leaves us with birth rate and death rate. Economic progress will be slower and more doubtful if less-developed areas wait for the supposedly inevitable impact of modernization on the birth rate. There is a need to follow strict birth control measures such as China has adopted the strategy to decrease the birth rate. The rates of population growth of the various countries of the world are, with few exceptions, simply the differences between their birth rates and death rates. Additionally, the older women need to be educated so that they can teach the correct family planning to their own daughters. They encompass a broad sense of concern that range from questions of design of appropriate intervention to lessen fertility, improve the health of mother and children, encourage better birth spacing, and reduce population growth (Sanderson, 1993). Had this rate existed from the time of Christ to now, the world population would have increased in this period by a factor of about 7×1016; in other words, there would be about 20 million individuals in place of each. Some of the reasons for this population explosion are poverty, better medical facilities, and immigration from the neighbouring countries of Bangladesh and Nepal. There is similar direct evidence for other European countries. First is late Marriage as this will reduce the period of reproduction among the females and bring down the birth rate. The govt. With rapidly growing population, the major problem of a developing country tends to be focused more on economic growth as such. Population Growth can be defined as the change in population over time and can be quantified as the change in number of individuals in a population as "per unit time". The population of the world, now somewhat in excess of three billion persons, is growing at about two per cent a year, or faster than at any other period in man’s history. The population density of India in 1996 was about 287 persons per square ��� As the population increases in future, more forests are cleared. Instead, the less-developed areas have been able to import low-cost measures of controlling disease, measures developed for the most part in the highly industrialized countries. If the birth rate in India is not reduced, its population will probably double in the next 25 or 30 years, increasing from about 450 million to about 900 million. The result of a precipitous decline in mortality while the birth rate remains essentially unchanged is, of course, a very rapid acceleration in population growth, reaching rates of three to three and one-half per cent. Therefore, when population increases, the number of people dying is also increasing, and it lead to the pollution in the river Ganga. 1963. World Population Projections 2019 What to study? The merits and drawbacks of controlling population growth can be recognized with reference to the very tangible reality of basic education development. Not a MyNAP member yet? Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website. Unfortunately, poverty exists throughout the world but is a growing problem in thickly populated nations such as India and China. Although, dumping these bodies is a spiritual act in India among the Hindus, but it contaminate the water. In various parts of globe, there is unparalleled rapid demographic change and the most noticeable example of this change is the vast expansion of human. Agricultural experts consider it feasible within achievable limits of capital investment to accomplish a doubling of Indian agricultural output within the next 20 to 25 years. A specific example will clarify this point. On the other hand, in an urban, industrialized society, children are less of an economic asset and more of an economic burden. Many programs funded by the government organized that help the poor which significantly changed many lives. Due to the increase in population, the problems of scarce resources, jobs, and poverty increases. The population problems vary in space and time and differ from region to region. Second, we know from surveys that as recently as just. In India, most of the population lives in crowded slums because land is limited and pollution is increasing day by day. Since modernization of a nation involves extension of deliberate human control over an increasing range of the environment. At least 17 Questions cab be directly answered from Prem ��� It has been observed that family planning is considered as an offence in most of the tribal and rural communities. Difficulty levels. In countries such as India, a situation of "over urbanisation" exist which puts intolerable strain on urban services. Water Pollution: Water pollution also poses threat to environment through the increasing population. This river is considered sacred. This bare excess over the increase in population, however, is scarcely a satisfactory outcome of India’s struggle to achieve economic betterment. Countries in the world by population (2020) This list includes both countries and dependent territories.Data based on the latest United Nations Population Division estimates. In an expanding population of large families, construction effort must go into housing rather than into factories or power plants. Causes and consequences of migration; concepts of over-under-and optimum population; Population theories, world population problems and policies, Social well-being and quality of life; Population as social capital. The increase in birth rates due to medical improvements increases population in world and the decrease in death rates. The average age at marriage rose to 28 and more than a fourth of Irish women remained unmarried at age 45. Ltd. Salient Features of the Indian Constitution, Monthly The precipitous decline in the death rate that is occurring in the low-income countries of the world is a consequence of the development and application of low-cost public health techniques. Any growth of population adds to the rate of increase of national output that must be achieved in order to increase per capita output by any given amount. Many cities in India have crossed the limits of suspended particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and other pollutants due to vehicular and industrial emanation. You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. When population explode, the more waste would be produced. It is necessary is to raise the employment opportunities in rural as well as urban areas. People take holy bath in it for spiritual renewal and drink water from it. Geography is included in the General Studies paper in Prelims as well as GS Paper 1 in UPSC CS(Main) examination. Many practitioners advocated that self-control is one of the dominant methods to control the population. However, in countries like India, immigration has little role in the population growth. Second, many of the less-developed areas of the world today are much more densely populated than was western Europe at the beginning of the industrial revolution. Both at the international and national levels, income inequality increased. Thus the combination of continued high fertility and greatly reduced mortality in the less-developed countries raises the levels of investment required while impairing the capacity of the economy to achieve high levels of investment. Concept of population: Population is described as the number of people in an area based on specific categories such as ethnicity, age, income, sex, and social economic status. Among the factors underlying this particular change in attitude was a change in the economic consequences of childbearing. Also, due to poverty, the infant mortality rate among such families is higher due to the lack of facilities like food and medical resources. Depression and work from home- explore the relationship. This results in deforestation and desertification with permanent damage to the renewable resources. World industries ��� locational patterns and problems; patterns of world trade. At present the river is so contaminated that some experts believe such water should not even be exposed in nature without being treated. As the population enlarges, many experts are concerned about its dangerous results. However, due to fast growth of the population, many serious issues emerged like diseases and scarcity of resources. With population growth astounding at an alarming rate, waste is also accumulating in areas where children and old people are exposed of toxic waste. As a result, the trees that facilitate in reducing the air pollution through the process of photosynthesis are not able to do so. Copyright © 2020 CivilServiceIndia.com | Website Development Company : Concern Infotech Pvt. Many people bath, drink, and eat fish from the same source. Problem of utilisation of manpower: Another issue is how to use manpower. This leads to increased poverty, lack of resources, and ultimately increases number of people in country. Constant growth of population is major issue and therefore it is significant to understand how policy makers can manage population growth for the benefit of society. The death rate is 7 to 11 per 1,000 population per year, and the expectation of life at birth is about 70 years. The result is that the high fertility found in low-income countries produces a proportion of children under fifteen of 40 to 45 per cent of the total population, compared to 25 per cent or less in most of the industrialized countries. Schematic presentation of birth and death rates in western Europe after 1800. A team of dedicated professionals are at work to help you! The National Population Policy, 2000 uses the world ���control��� just thrice in references to National AIDS Control to decrease mortality rate and provide opportunities to new population. © 2020 National Academy of Sciences. Since the same resources are shared by all members of the society, everybody is affected by development and many are underprivileged of their access to the same resources. Other ways to tackle issues of population expansion is to create sustainability laws, monitor natural resources, and replenish what was taken out of the earth. Overloaded houses, slums and unhygienic localities, traffic jamming and crowded hospitals have become common aspects in the developing countries. The industrial revolution generated income for people and these people get funds for shelter and food. Population and Settlement Geography: Growth and distribution of world population; demographic attributes; Causes and consequences of migration; concepts of the over-under-and optimum population; Population theories, world population problems and policies, Social well-being and quality of life; Population as social capital. Report of ABC News revealed that renowned Indian author, Shobha De stated, "God said 'Go forth and produce' and we just went ahead and did exactly that." India's culture is very strong and prevails since historic time. One important characteristic is rapid growth, which is the immediate consequence of the large and often growing difference between birth and death rates; the other is the heavy burden of child dependency which results from a high birth rate whether death rates are high or low. The reasons for deforestation are to make houses for increased number of people to live in, and to use wood as a fuel in the industries. Population explosion in developing countries such as India is a matter of concern because it disrupts the development of the country and its society. They are restricted to house. The factual meaning of population is "the whole number of people or inhabitants in a country or region" and the literal meaning of population outburst is "a pyramiding of numbers of a biological population". In developed countries, major cause of population growth is immigration. Instead the resources keep decreasing, leading to making survival for a human being more and more competitive even for the basic necessities of life like food, clothing and shelter. Women should be given incentive to give services in different fields. Only a minor fraction of the decline in western European fertility can be ascribed to the invention of modern techniques of contraception. Each paper is of 250 marks, ... concepts of the over-under-and optimum population; Population theories, world population problems and policies, Social well-being and quality of life; Population as social capital. Finally, and most significantly, the death rate in the less-developed areas is dropping very rapidly—a decline that looks almost vertical compared to the gradual decline in western Europe—and without regard to economic change. Statistical reports indicated that China and India are nations with the huge population in the world. Effects of the rapid population growth in India: There is unfavourable impact of population explosion in India. So that they do not depend upon others in the event of old age, sickness, unemployment with these facilities they will have no desire for more children. Nearly 10 percent of the world's population faces constant freshwater shortage. Unfortunately, the resources do not increase in same manner as the population increases. More energy needs to be produced to power these factories. But there is a more immediate problem demanding solution in much less than two centuries: Is the current demographic situation in the less-developed countries impeding the process of modernization itself? There are several important differences between the circumstances in today’s less-developed areas and those in pre-industrial Europe. In the UPSC scheme of the syllabus, Geography establishes the relevance of the existence of humans, the elements that are conducive for life, and the elements that are not conducive to human life. In India, people have belief that they must have son in family instead of a daughter. Poverty is major cause of population increase in developing countries. Population problems: As per the United Nations World Population prospect, India will overtake in terms of population by 2027. Thus, it is crucial for the women to get proper education so that they can decide on the number of children they want and be aware of the available birth control measures. Generally in rural areas there is disguised joblessness. The difference between the birth rate and the death rate measures the growth rate of population. Population Problems And Policies UPSC PCS Other Optional Geography. The jagged interval in the early death rate and the recent birth rate is intended to indicate that all the rates are subject to substantial annual variation. Human population are also theme to usual process of birth and death. Concurrently, it renders many of the old occupations out of day and redundant. It has been shown in studies that population issues are vital component of policy discussion on social and economic development. (The time span varies roughly from 75 to 150 years.). before World War II more than half of the couples in Great Britain practicing birth control were practicing withdrawal, or coitus interruptus. According to reports, India's population hit 1 billion in May 2000, increasing the urgency for the country to moderate its population growth. There is therefore surplus of even developed human capital. Developed countries such as the United States subcontract in China and India because the labour cost is low-priced. However, family planning is not extensively advertised in rural areas. In a pre-industrial, agrarian society children start helping with chores at an early age; they do not remain in a dependent status during a long period of education. The death rate in 1800 averaged 25 to 30 per 1,000 population although, as indicated, it was subject to variation because of episodic plagues, epidemics, and crop failures. The use of residual insecticides to provide effective protection against malaria at a cost of no more than 25 cents per capita per annum is an outstanding example. It means that amount of people who leaves India to settle permanently in another country (emigrants) will prevail over the amount of people who moves into the country (http://countrymeters.info/en/India). Also, India being an agrarian country, the water pollution also comes from pesticides used for agriculture. Social Measure: Population outburst is considered to be a social problem and it is intensely rooted in the civilization. But people do not realize that along with washing off their sins in the river, they are also washing off their body wastes, leading to polluting the holy water of the river. It has been observed that people are given education, welfare, and proper sanitation. Academicians and researchers stressed that country must develop ways to lessen future problems through educating developing countries and provide contraception to areas that have larger population growth. Population Policies formulated to address the unmet needs for ... India is the first country in the world to begin a population control programme in 1952. This law should be strongly implemented and people should also be made aware of this through promotion. These developments, part of the changes in the whole complex of modern civilization, involved scientific and technological advances in many areas, specifically in public health, medicine, agriculture, and industry. The majority of the population growth takes place in poverty suffering areas due to lack of contraception and medical centres. The birth rate is the ratio between births and individuals in a specified population and time (Miller, 253). The only important exception to this statement relates to Ireland, where the decline in the birth rate was brought about by an increase of several years in the age at marriage combined with an increase of 10 to 15 per cent in the proportion of people remaining single. Challenges "National Academy of Sciences. Air Pollution: The technical growth of India has lead not only to medical advancements, but also to an increase in the number of factories. Finally, the social and economic changes characteristic of industrialization and modernization of a country are accompanied by and reinforce a rise of secularism, pragmatism, and rationalism in place of custom and tradition. Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available. Although the current two per cent a year does not sound like an extraordinary rate of increase, a few simple calculations demonstrate that such a rate of increase in human population could not possibly continue for more than a few hundred years. The growing pressure of population on resource base, especially on arable land, has created many socio-economic, cultural, political, ecological and environmental problems. It is responsibility of government to include more and more people under-social security schemes. Implementation 7. Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks. The main problem arise from fast population growth is the lack of resources and land. The family planning methods provided by the family planning program are vasectomy, tubectomy, IUD, conventional contraceptives (that is condoms, diaphragms, jelly/cream tubes, foam tables) and oral pills. Such changes in attitude were doubtless a part of a whole set of profound social and economic changes that accompanied the industrialization and modernization of western Europe. Several feasible solutions have been proposed by the government to curb population. Hi all, This post deals with analysis of approx 59 Map Based Questions asked in UPSC Prelims 2013 to 2019. The birth rate in 1800 was about 35 per 1,000 population and the average number of children ever born to women reaching age 45 was about five. In such a case, educating women about family planning becomes an even more difficult task. In order to maintain their enhanced standard of living, people prefer to have a small family. India currently is griped under serious problem of population explosion and poverty. (Nevertheless, effective methods of controlling family size are still unknown and unused by many couples even in the United States.) Enlarged fertility rates and migration can have significant effects on the general structure of populations. It has adverse impact on health on populace of India such as people are contracting salmonella and other gastrointestinal illnesses due to unhygienic conditions. There is in most societies a consensus in favor of improving health and reducing the incidence of premature death. It has been highlighted in reports that the key factors that affect the population increase of India are the fast increasing birth rate and decreasing death rates. Economic analysis clearly indicates that the answer is yes. There is no such consensus for changes in attitudes and behavior needed to reduce the birth rate. A reduced death rate has only a slight effect on the proportion of children in the population, and this effect is in a rather surprising direction. In the longer run, economic progress will eventually be stopped and reversed unless the birth rate declines or the death rate increases. Among the industrialized countries, Japan and most of the countries of Europe are now growing relatively slowly—doubling their populations in 50 to 100 years. Indian Health Sector Problems - Can the National Health Policy ��� The effectual way to stop population growth is to implement family planning policies but the exact way to achieve that has created a great deal of disagreement. In order to reduce the birth rate, several government-funded agencies like the Family Planning Association of India spend excessive funds to promote on family planning as a basic human right and the norm of a two-child family on a voluntary basis. Population growth from the past to present is in increasing trend, and it will continue at even a rapid rate in the next few decades. The worst symptoms of overcrowding in every aspect of living conditions are manifested in the urban areas. While there has been a steady increase of population growth during the past two or three centuries, it has been especially rapid during the past 20 years. In this instance, the decline in fertility was not the result of technical innovations in contraception, but of the decision of married couples to resort to folk methods known for centuries. MCQs and Practice Questions for UPSC CSE Examination ... World Population Problems and Policies Social Well-Being and Quality of Life Population ��� So women should be given opportunities to develop socially and economically. Providing employment to growing population: Job creation is major issue for countries in which population is increasing at faster rate. The National Population Policy, 1976 was completely different from the earlier policies. Population Crisis. Because of its capital intensive nature, the ability, of the new economy for employment generation becomes limited. Targets of National Population Policy 3. Additionally, abortion is not permitted by several religions in India. Pressure on land and other renewable natural resources: Population overcrowding put more pressure on land and natural resources. In fact, in Islam, one of the leading religions of India, children are considered to be gifts of God, therefore there is no family planning which ultimately results in increase in population. In individual terms, the family with a large number of children finds it more difficult to save, and a government that tries to finance development expenditures out of taxes can expect less support from a population with many children. Minimum age of Marriage: As fertility depends on the age of marriage therefore the minimum age of marriage should be raised. This difference results from the fact that in many less-developed countries almost all women at age 35 have married, and at an average age substantially less than in 18th-century Europe. ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one. The increase in gross national product (GNP) is significantly reduced in per capita terms on account of the rapidly growing population. Many persons moved from rural areas to cities for better opportunities. Labour laws in these countries are not synchronized which allow these countries to take shortcuts which means more products to export. When their income is increased they would enhance their standard of living and accept small family norms. Nevertheless, in India, society does not give more importance on women education because of the financial conditions in some families and the religious and social norms. World population problems and policies ,World population problems and policies in geography, World population problems and policies upsc, World population problems and policies only ias exam,China one-child policy, India's population policy, Another cause of population explosion in India is religious beliefs, Traditions and Cultural Norms. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, The Growth of World Population: Analysis of the Problems and Recommendations for Research and Training. Unlike, Figure 2. Many rivers and lakes are contaminated with organic and man-made waste. Also, cremated and partly cremated bodies are dumped into the river. Fertility, mortality and migration are principal determinants of population expansion. One of the typical examples of water pollution in India is the river Ganga. In India, where the majority of people are illiterate, fatalist, and custom-ridden, and do not believe in family planning, only the government���s initiative can help in controlling population growth. Two centuries is a long time, however. It is reported that people in urban areas have low birth rate than those living in rural areas. In metropolis region, the population is more dense because of limitation of land area and in rural and suburban areas, people own more land and is generally used for agriculture and income. The natural increase is expected to be positive, as the number of births will exceed the number of deaths by 17 361 042. The main reason is that in developing economies majority of the population is uneducated. In these countries—England, Wales, Scotland, Scandinavia, the Low Countries, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and France—the birth rate went down because of the practice of contraception among married couples. In India minimum age for marriage is 21 years for men and 18 years for women fixed by law. In the same period the output of the non-agricultural part of the Indian economy probably would be slightly more than doubled if the birth rate remained unchanged. Moreover, rapid population growth and a heavy burden of child dependency divert investment funds to less productive uses—that is, less productive in the long run. The crude death rate in India in 1981 was roughly 12.5, and that decreased to approximately 8.7 in 1999. Progress. The poor are left to live amongst waste that has accumulated from the explosion of the population and the wealth of the economy. The burden of school age population has already revealed signs of becoming unbearable. In general, the death rate appears to be affected more immediately and automatically by industrialization. Do you enjoy reading reports from the Academies online for free? In these areas, the more people are able to provide for the family, the larger the family gets. Adoption is also effective way to curb population. The total number or illiterate persons increases every year. This results in exploding population at alarming rate in India. Types and patterns of rural The current birth rate in western European countries is 14 to 20 per 1,000 population with an average of two to three children born to a woman by the end of childbearing. Motivational and Promotional Measures 6. For a generation at least, then, India’s economic output probably can stay ahead of its maximum rate of population increase. Sign up for email notifications and we'll let you know about new publications in your areas of interest when they're released. ), the countries of western Europe, the less-developed areas have not had to wait for the slow gradual development of medical science, nor have they had to await the possibly more rapid but still difficult process of constructing major sanitary engineering works and the build-up of a large inventory of expensive hospitals, public health. If so, a course of action that would directly accelerate the decline in fertility becomes an important part of the whole development effort which is directed toward improving the quality of each individual’s life. UPSC Previous years question: Evaluate the population policy of India and examine its relevance to the nation���s population control. The growth rate of population is a function of migration, birth rate and death rate in a country. Due to economic and political challenges in India, country faces problems of the population explosion. It is an idyllic and healthy approach and people should be provided to follow. It is about having enough resources to meet the needs of the growing number of people. Over-strained infrastructure: Due to population explosion, numerous facilities such as housing, transportation, health care, and education become insufficient. Thomas Malthus was sensible philosopher who expected population to grow in time as long as there's food and shelter. It will be helpful to orphan children and children to couples. It must be taught that marriage should no longer be considered a social compulsory. View our suggested citation for this chapter. This figure may rise if the population growth is uncontrolled. In the first place, very substantial declines in some European countries antedated the invention and mass manufacture of contraceptive devices. Note first that the birth rate in the less-developed areas is higher than it was in pre-industrial western Europe. Although child marriage is unlawful in India, the culture and the society surrounding the girls in India does not allow them to resist such decisions taken by their family. A positive answer might suggest that organized educational efforts to reduce the birth rate are not necessary. It can be said that when population size is increasing, it results in increased pollution, which in turn is leading to a more hostile environment for human beings themselves. Geography Syllabus for UPSC Prelims and Mains: Insight into ��� it is not surprising that people living in an economy undergoing industrialization should extend the notion of deliberate and rational control to the question of whether or not birth should result from their sexual activities. Population and Settlement Geography . This results in air and water pollution. Evaluation 8. They provide the principal form of support for the parents in their old age, and, with high mortality, many children must be born to ensure that some will survive to take care of their parents. Even if the death rate were to fall to zero, at the present level of human reproduction the growth rate would not be much in excess of three and one-half per cent per year, and the time required for world population to double would not fall much below 20 years. According to the United Nations (UN) report the number of children born per woman in the country still lies in the range of 2.1-4. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book. The change in population caused by net migration as a proportion of total population of the country is almost insignificant and, therefore, can be easily ignored. The population change is calculated by the formula: Population change = (Births + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration). In most of the rural areas and in some urban areas as well, families choose to get their girls married at the age of 14 or 15. The fertility rate which is the amount of children per woman that would be birthed in her lifetime is at 6 children per woman; while, in developed countries like U.S. the fertility rate is at 2 children per woman. Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features? Over populated regions need more resources. Social Security is necessary for people. One may surmise that the birth rate responds more slowly because its reduction requires changes in more deeply seated customs. The National Population Policy (NPP) finally came into force in 2000. These dependents create pressure to produce for immediate consumption only. Though, India's financial system is improved due to new business ventures. What do these characteristics of rapid growth and very large proportions of children imply about the capacity to achieve rapid industrialization? The success of family planning mainly depends on women and their status. Nevertheless, even in the short run, progress will be much faster and more certain if the birth rate falls. UPSC Civil Services Mains Exam Optional Subject consists of 2 papers. Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name. Another group of industrialized countries—the United States, the Soviet Union, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and Argentina—are doubling their populations in 30 to 40 years, approximately the world average. Figure 1. DOES INDIA NEED MORE MISSILES OR MORE INDUSTRIES. It is therefore necessary to make efforts to eliminate the social iniquities in the country. Employment to Woman is effective method to check the population. To appreciate the pace of population growth we should recall that world population do��� Increased air pollution causes many air (polluted) borne diseases. A companion World Population Prospects 2019: Highlights report (ST/ESA/SER.A/423) provides key findings and summarises key population trends described by the estimates and projections presented in World Population Prospects 2019. For mains: concerns raised, challenges associated and measures necessary to tackle the population growth. This extreme rate is undoubtedly due to temporary factors and would stabilize at not more than three per cent. Thus, one can understand the varying rates of population growth of different parts of the world by understanding what underlies their respective birth and death rates. To double per capita output in 30 years requires an annual increase in per capita output of 2.3 per cent; if population growth is three per cent a year, then the annual increase in national output must be raised to 5.3 per cent to achieve the desired level of economic growth. Other innovations include antibiotics and chemotherapy, and low-cost ways of providing safe water supplies and adequate environmental sanitation in villages that in most other ways remain relatively untouched by modernization. If the present world population should continue to increase at its present rate of two per cent per year, then, within two centuries, there will be more than 150 billion people. Among the social factors that might account for the change in attitude is the decline in the importance of the family as an economic unit that has accompanied the industrialization and modernization of Europe. can give different types of incentives to the people to adopt birth control measures. Organisational Structure 5. The death rate is the ratio between the number of deaths and individuals in a specified population and time (Miller, 253). Developed countries are visualizing increasing trends based on the monetary development. Amongst them Mains is the most crucial stage, as in your final selection depends upon mains (Total marks: 1750 marks) and interview marks (Total marks: 275 marks), while prelims is merely of qualifying nature.Now with respect to mains, there are 9 papers, having two papers of optional ��� In India, government has initiated numerous programs to curb the population and has been spending huge money on controlling the birth rate. The worst condition due to increase in population is that many poor people collect utility items through wastelands to build shelter. Due to massive land and lack of contraception, the population is mounting at a rapid rate within these countries. It is expected that in near future, it will increase rapidly and give birth to numerous issues in the least developed regions. Centripetal and Centrifugal forces foresees how successful the country's financial system is going to be; many people travel in or out of the country to find suitable jobs. It must be noted that it is probably technically possible in every less-developed area to increase national output at rates even more rapid than the very rapid rates of population increase we have discussed, at least for a few years. Moreover, there are few remaining areas comparable to North and South America into which a growing population could move and which could provide rapidly expanding markets. That rapid growth has continued since 2000, accounting for almost half the increase of the U.S. population (U.S. Census Bureau, 2006). It must be remembered, however, that this recovery has not been caused by a reversion to uncontrolled family size. The rates of population growth are not the same, of course, in all parts of the world. In other words, to grow faster an economy must raise its level of net investment. The probability of children going to school in the city is more common than in rural areas. India has the second largest population in the world and will soon exceed China. Schematic presentation of birth and death rates in less-developed countries, mid-20th century. They run the risk that rapid population growth and adverse age distribution would themselves prevent the achievement of the very modernization they count on to bring the birth rate down. The jagged line describing the variable current birth rate represents in some instances—notably the United States—a major recovery in the birth rate from its low point. The birth rate is the ratio between births and individuals in a specified population and time (Miller, 253). To summarize, Population escalation is a major issue around the world which has adverse impact on numerous environmental and human health problems. These factors lead to population increase and government face problem in implementing population control strategies. In other countries, however, such social changes have had either insignificant or favorable effects on the birth rate. While there has been a steady increase of population growth during the past two or three centuries, it has been especially rapid during the past 20 years. Additionally, the nearby factories and human colonies dump sewage directly into the river. Social outlook of the people should undergo a change. In 2014 the natural increase was positive, as the number of births exceeded the number of deaths by 17 131 987. According to reports, India's population hit 1 billion in May 2000, increasing the urgency for the country to moderate its population growth. Geography Paper- 1 study material for UPSC CSE help you Learn about all the aspects of Geography Paper- 1. As this kind of modernization continues, public education, which is essential to the production of a literate labor force, is extended to women, and thus the traditional subordinate role of women is modified. For prelims: Key findings of the report. Therefore, they produce more children assuming that not all of them would be able to survive. Context: World Population Prospects ��� Water is considered the core of life. Principles of Geography Physical Geography: 1. But even at three per cent per year, two centuries would see the population of Mexico grow to about 13.5 billion people. Increasing the legal age of marriage (from 15 to 18 years for girls and from 18 to 21 years for boys), freezing the population at the 1971 level until 2000 for the ��� Inequitable distribution of income: Population growth in uneven manner can lead to unbalanced distribution of salary. In India, it is important for the women to have equal rights to take decision about the number of children to be produced. The Growth of The educated men take mature decisions and prefer to delay marriage and adopt small family custom. Some of the reasons for this population explosion are poverty, better medical facilities, and immigration from the neighbouring countries of Bangladesh and Nepal. If external migration will remain on the previous year level, the population will be declined by 154 435 due to the migration reasons. Due to the industrial revolution, the population has been growing at great pace during the past. Population Policy of India! It is certain that there was no decline in the reproductive capacity; in fact, with improved health, the contrary is likely. Introduction: A positive population policy which aims at reducing the birth rate and ultimately stabilising the growth rate of population. Geomorphology: Factors controlling landform development; endogenetic and exogenetic forces; Origin and evolution of the earth���s crust; Fundamentals of geomagnetism; Physical conditions of the earth���s interior; Geosynclines; Continental drift; Isostasy; Plate tectonics; Recent views on ��� Educated women are health mindful and avoid frequent pregnancies and thus help in lowering birth rate. Population explosion causes deforestation for food production, urban overcrowding and the spread of horrible diseases. Financial incentives and other facilities like leave and promotion can be extended to the working class which adopts small family norms. India and Population: India is considered to be one of the most populous countries at global scale. Urbanisation process can reduce population increase. Figure 2 presents the trends of birth and death rates in the less-developed areas in a rough schematic way similar to that employed in Figure 1. The population density of India in 1996 was about 287 persons per square kilometer. If agriculture and industry are correctly developed, huge number of people will get employment. In short, every country that has changed from a predominantly rural agrarian society to a predominantly industrial urban society and has extended public education to near-universality, at least at the primary school level, has had a major reduction in birth and death rates of the sort depicted in Figure 1.