ecosystem and biodiversity services pdf

within ecosystems. (eds) Routledge Handbook od Ecosystem Services, London and New York, pp. In: Potschin, M. et al. 2005a) in defining ecosystem services as the “the benefits humans derive from ecosystems.” Such services have been categorized in various ways by different authors. Biodiversity, ecosystems and ecosystem services Coordinating Lead Authors: Thomas Elmqvist, Edward Maltby Lead Authors: Tom Barker, Martin Mortimer, Charles Perrings Contributing Authors: James Aronson, Rudolf De Groot, Alastair Fitter, Georgina Mace, Jon Norberg, Isabel Sousa Pinto, Irene Ring biodiversity and ecosystem services. of ecosystem services and biodiversity The evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem services The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment [11] and many subsequent publications [12] suggest that biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services are positively related, with the implication that management to enhance one should increase the other. The biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems is relatively better www.teebweb.org TEEB - The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (www.TEEBweb.org) is an international initiative to draw attention to the global economic benefits of ecosystems and biodiversity, to highlight the growing costs of biodiversity loss and ecosystem 4.6.1.2. 2,3 The drivers and feedback mechanisms between biodiversity and ecosystem services are complex, non-linear and can be synergistic,4 but it is clear that species diversity can affect ecosystem processes and services. Ina Maren Sieber, C. Sylvie Campagne, Clément Villien & Benjamin Burkhard. Plausible futures of nature, its contributions to people and their good quality … From an economic point of view, biodiversity (and ecosystems) can broadly be seen as part of our natural capital, and the flow of ecosystem services is the „interest‟ on that capital that society receives (Costanza and Daly, 1992). This is especially true when the roles of biodiversity for sustaining ecosystem services are considered. The links between biodiversity, ecosystem functions and ecosystem servicesThe following review of the evidence base for links between biodiversity, ecosystem functions and specific ecosystem services is based on two recent reviews, Balmford et al. species richness in spatial units within the landscape (Srivastava and Vellend 2005). These services are essential to support human well-being and economic growth. WHAT ARE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Ecosystem services are the goods and services that ecosystems contribute to people. The essential message associated to the term ‘biodiversity and ecosystem services’ is, therefore, that ecosystems are crucial for our wellbeing and thus they have economic value. Chapter 5: The economics of valuing ecosystem services and biodiversity 5 1 Introduction Economics, as the study of how to allocate limited resources, relies on valuation to provide society with information about the relative level of resource scarcity. 7.2 STATUS OF SPECIES. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Since 2005: A Primer “The loss of species, ecosystems and genetic diversity is already a global and generational threat to human well-being. ACCOUNTING FOR BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FROM A treatment plant and BES. ecosystem services, meaning that their value is not properly or fully taken into account in market transactions and that they are often under-valued or ignored in development-planning and decision-making processes (Nel & Driver 2012). Both ecosystem services and human well-being can be considered at nested spatial scales from local, to regional, to global. Protecting the invaluable contributions of nature to people will be the defining challenge of decades to come. Biodiversity is the variability among living organisms. Ecosystems and biodiversity 1. biodiversity, ecosystem services and human welfare in numerical terms; (2) further extending the state‐of‐the‐art methodologies so as to monetize the climate change induced impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem services and human wellbeing; and, (3) promoting and discussing indicator set. 4.2 Threats to biodiversity, and consequences for ecosystem services in the European Union 20 4.3 Methods of valuing biodiversity and ecosystem services 20 4.4 Prioritising ecosystem services in land management: weighing up alternative land uses 23 It includes diversity within and among species and diversity within and among ecosystems. 5 Ecosystem services are the benefits that humans derive, They From Figure 7.1 (Sources: NOAA, USGS, and DOI). ecosystem services such as food provisioning, water purification, flood and drought control, nutrient cycling, and climate regulation. 2. Biodiversity is tightly linked to ecosystem services and thus to the human well-being in complex ways. (2) TEEB for National and International Policymakers: A report providing analysis and guidance on economic valuation of ecosystem services for international and However, this is not to say that such measures are mutually exclusive. biodiversity and ecosystem services. The use of ecosystem services by humans, and therefore the well-being humans derive from these services, can have feedback effects on ecosystem services, ecosystems, and biodiversity. Ecosystems & Biodiversity BBAEV 10201 2. Main findings on the role of biodiversity and the National Nature Network 23 3.1 General findings 23 As indicated above, there is a general lack of empirical evidence of the role of biodiversity for maintaining ecosystem services. Thus, a study on land-use change and its effects on ecosystem services and biodiversity appears useful for the implementation of sustainable environmental management strategies. ecosystems, which depend on adequate levels of biological diversity. Published online: 26 Mar 2021. 2.1.1 Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services 6 2.1.2 Green Public Procurement and government support for ‘green markets’ 6 2.1.3 Access and Benefit-Sharing 8 2.2 Interventions to re-align incentives 8 2.2.1 Making subsidies work for the environment 8 2.2.2 Payments for Ecosystem Services, environmental markets and Biodiversity is central to the production of ecosystem services; it is the direct source of services, such as food and fibre, and underpins others, such as clean water and air, through the role of organisms in energy and material cycles. forest biodiversity and ecosystem services are assessed by Freer-Smith and Webber (2017), highlighting the urgent need to mitigate the risk of future invasions and to increase our ability to manage those that have already occurred. The indicator is relevant to outcomes 1 and 1c in Biodiversity 2020, the strategy for England’s wildlife and ecosystem services (PDF 2.66 MB). outline). 45-59. Chapter 2: Biodiversity, ecosystems and ecosystem services 7 biodiversity at a suitable scale, e.g. Balvadera, P. et al. Given the substantial contributions of forest biodiversity and ecosystem services to society, forest sciences have a large potential to contribute to the integrity and sustainability of our future. Ecosystem structure and function can also influence the biodiversity in a given area. Biodiversity plays a fundamentally, though variable, role in the provision of ecosystem services. Mapping and assessing ecosystems and their services: a comparative approach to ecosystem service supply in Suriname and French Guiana. If other components of biodiversity are lost, this leads to a change in the services provided by an ecosystem but ecosystem processes and functions, and therefore ecosystem services. Biodiversity in ecosystem assessment. Species (animal and plant) provide us with food, building materials, energy and medicines. This report provides the scientific foundation for the other reports (Kumar 2010). Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (BES) (2013): The role of biodiversity in supporting ecosystem services in Natura 2000 sites. The use of ecosystem services by humans, and therefore the well-being humans derive from these services, can have feedback effects on ecosystem services, ecosystems, and biodiversity. forest ecosystems, with potentially far-reaching impacts on their biological diversity and capacity to provide ecosystem services to society. The aim of this paper is to establish a broad overview of the impact urban areas have on biodiversity and to determine the predicted major impacts that biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation have and will have on the built environment. 4.6.1.1. Selection of ecosystem services and review methodology 20 3. Interest in ecosystem assessments (see Glossary) has been growing from both scientific and policy perspectives.The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) clarified the many kinds of benefit that humans derive from ecosystems, and promoted the term ‘ecosystem services’ to describe them. Ecosystem structure and function can also influence the biodiversity in a given area. The use of ecosystem services by humans, and therefore the well-being humans derive from these services, can have feedback effects on ecosystem services, ecosystems, and biodiversity. Sources: NOAA, USGS, and DOI. If an entire ecosystem is lost, this has a significant structural impact with direct human, social and economic costs. Structure of Biosphere • Hierarchy – Species – reproductive group – Population – members of a single species that live in a given area – Community – assemblage of interacting species in a given area – Biome – a region with a characteristic plant community (e.g. Biodiversity, ecosystems, ecosystem services, and human well-being are interconnected: biodiversity underpins ecosystems, which in turn provide ecosystem services; these services contribute to human well-being. Ecosystem structure and function can also influence the biodiversity in a given area. since most ecosystem services and biodiversity are public goods, they tend to be overconsumed by society. Soil effects on crop biodiversity Elevated CO 2 and crop ecophysiology Water, salinity, and nutrient stress Genetic resources Soil properties and landscape agrobiodiversity Soil management, land use, and effects on aboveground biodiversity in agricultural landscapes Soils and multifunctionalityof ecosystem services: Place- Ecological Indicators 24: 13-22. Biodiversity is the foundation of a vast array of ecosystem services essential for human well-being (see Figure 2). Less understood – but just as important – is the impact of biodiversity risks on the economy. With the aim to provide ecosystem services to society while fostering biodiversity, ecosystem management requires a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of natural disturbances. Bastian, O. Effects of species loss or changes in species composition differ among ecosystem properties, ecosystem types, and pathways of potential community change (Hooper et al. 2 Ecosystems support all forms of life, moderate climates, filter water and air, conserve soil and nutrients and control pests. Economic value is primarily about human welfare and Pages: 148-164. Ecosystem structure and function can also influence the biodiversity in a given area. Greenhouse gas removal is a regulating ecosystem service that contributes to reducing the scale and future impacts of climate change (that is climate change mitigation). Yet despite the significant economic, social and cultural values of biodiversity and ecosystem services, biodiversity 2.1.1 Effectiveness and reliability of ecosystem services 15 2.1.2 Relationship between nature areas and ecosystem service provisioning 18 2.2. 6 draft 2019 Chapter 4. Human well-being and development fundamentally depend on these services (MEA 2005; TEEB 2010). Biodiversity is the source of many ecosystem goods, such as food and genetic resources, and changes in biodiversity can influence the supply of ecosystem services. Biodiversity, ecosystem services and protected areas screening, assessment, management planning, implementation of mitigation measures, and monitoring shall be carried out and documented by competent professionals using appropriate methodologies. TEEB Manual for Cities: Ecosystem Services in Urban Management. Ecosystem services support human well-being (charcoal gray box, white text), and, in turn, are influenced by human activities and land-use management decisions. Multifunctionality and biodiversity: Ecosystem services in temperate rainforests of the Pacific Northwest, USA Patric Brandta,b,⇑, David J. Absonc, Dominick A. DellaSalad, Robert Fellerb, Henrik von Wehrdenb,c a Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate - Atmospheric Environmental Research, Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany Biodiversity is central to the production of ecosystem services; it is the direct source of services, such as food and fibre, and underpins others, such as clean water and air, through the role of organisms in energy and material cycles. Common built environment responses to these impacts will also be examined. AGROFORESTRY, BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES – 2020 A well-designed agroforestry system is self-sustaining. biodiversity carbon hotspots Global 200 conservation planning E fforts to conserve wild nature have traditionally focused on biodiversity: the variety of life on earth at scales from genes to ecosystems (1). Cultural ecosystem services are highly relevant in … This paper provides an overview of the concept of ecosystem services and how they are valued. View Show abstract Swiss Re Institute Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services – A business case for re/insurance 3 Dear Reader, In the last few years the world has made great progress in understanding the impact of climate change. 2004).Some ecosystem properties are initially insensitive to species loss because ecosystems … provide ecosystem services; these services contribute to human well-being. (2016): The links between biodiversity and ecosystem services. Recently, conservationists have become in-terested in another aspect of conservation: the goods and
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