We may earn a commission for purchases using our links. Kiowa produces a large nut that is similar to Desirable and shells well. George Washington reported in his journal that Thomas Jefferson gave him "Illinois nuts", pecans, which Washington then grew at Mount Vernon, his Virginia home. The pecan (Carya illinoinensis) is a species of hickory native to northern Mexico and the southern United States in the region of the Mississippi River. [8] It typically has a spread of 12–23 m (39–75 ft) with a trunk up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) diameter. If your neighbors grow pecan trees, you may be able to get away with planting just one tree, but if there are no other nearby pecan trees, then you’ll need to plant at least two to ensure your tree bears harvestable nuts. [23] University of Georgia has a breeding program at the Tifton campus working to select pecan varieties adapted to subtropical southeastern U.S. growing conditions.[2]. The husks are produced from the exocarp tissue of the flower, while the part known as the nut develops from the endocarp and contains the seed. Juglandaceae are represented worldwide by between seven and 10 extant genera and more than 60 species. Read on to find out the Top 10 Fun Facts about Pecans. Pecan Planting Guide: Location and Preparation. In other words, its female flowers should be receptive when its companion is producing pollen, and vice versa. Pecan wood is often utilized for the manufacturing of furniture, paneling and flooring. [14], Choosing cultivars can be a complex practice, based on the Alternate Bearing Index (ABI) and their period of pollinating. [14] Commercial growers are most concerned with the ABI, which describes a cultivar's likelihood to bear on alternating years (index of 1.0 signifies highest likelihood of bearing little to nothing every other year). Compounds found within alkaline soil prevent the zinc from being soluble, and so, in this case, it is better to use a zinc foliar spray. Pecans are a major ingredient in American praline candy. Typically, you can expect to water your young pecan tree with between 5 and 15 gallons of water each week. The pecan is a large tree, often growing to 100 feet high or more and has a stately appearance. [21] Some regions of the U.S. such as parts of Florida and Puerto Rico are zone 10 or higher, and these regions have limited options for pecan cultivation. A 10-year-old sapling grown in optimal conditions will stand about 5 m (16 ft) tall. Trees.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Various other disorders are documented, including canker disease and shuck decline complex. The name “pecan” is a Native American word of Algonquin origin that was used to describe “all nuts requiring a stone to crack.” Pecan trees may live and bear edible nuts for more than 300 years. However, as a mature tree in years 11-20, percent kernel dropped to only 50%, with several years being unacceptably low. Varieties that are available and adapted (e.g., 'Major', 'Martzahn', 'Witte', 'Greenriver', 'Mullahy', and 'Posey') in zones 6 and farther north are almost entirely selections from wild stands. Scab is currently the most destructive disease affecting pecan trees untreated with fungicides. Pecan fat content consists principally of monounsaturated fatty acids, mainly oleic acid (57% of total fat), and the polyunsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid (30% of total fat). [1] The tree is cultivated for its seed in the southern United States, primarily in Georgia,[2] New Mexico,[3] and Texas,[4] and in Mexico, which produces nearly half of the world total. The fruits of the pecan genus Carya differ from those of the walnut genus Juglans only in the formation of the husk of the fruit. (1964). [30], The pecan, Carya illinoinensis, is a member of the Juglandaceae family. The period of pollination groups all cultivars into two families: those that shed pollen before they can receive pollen (protandrous), and those that shed pollen after becoming receptive to pollen (protogynous). Those on lower, interior branches often bloom and shed or receive pollen earlier than those higher up. Before European settlement, pecans were widely consumed and traded by Native Americans. The pecan, Carya illinoensis, is a member of the plant family Juglandaceae. Each watering should be sufficient to thoroughly soak the soil to a depth of 12 inches. [30] Pecans are a moderate source (10-19% DV) of iron and B vitamins. Because o However, this proved technically difficult. Trees began to bear alternately and bacterial leaf scorch has resulted in premature leaf drop in some years. If turfgrass is established under the tree, apply additional water to compensate for additional demand. [22], Active breeding and selection is carried out by the USDA Agricultural Research Service with growing locations at Brownwood and College Station, Texas. Knead the remaining roots between your fingers, teasing them apart so that they are able to spread naturally in the hole you have dug for them. Pecan trees are not self-fertile, and so require cross-pollination. Various insects feed on the leaves stems and developing nuts. The second major step in the development of pecan was a change from wind-dispersed fruits to animal dispersion. Differentiation between the subfamilies of Engelhardioideae and Juglandioideae occurred during the early Paleogene, about 64 million years ago. When grown in ideal conditions, it can live and stay productive for over 200 years. It has a distinctive rich flavor and is high in fat. [8][9][10][11], Pecans were one of the most recently domesticated major crops. The Wichita is also popular among pecan growers for several other reasons: They grow fast and produce fruit at an early age when compared to other varieties of pecan tree. Pecan Tree - Growing, Care & Harvesting Guide, University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension, Best Christmas Tree Farms in North Hampton, NH, Growing Zone Map - Find Your Plant Hardiness Zone, Almond Tree - Growing, Care & Havesting Tips, Water generously when young, drought-tolerant when mature. The Pawnee Pecan (Carya illinoinensis 'Pawnee') has recently become one of the more popular pecan producing trees around.It tends to produce nuts much more rapidly than other species of pecan trees do. Solve this simple math problem and enter the result. To speed nut production and retain the best tree characteristics, grafting from mature productive trees was the obvious strategy. Best offers for your Garden - https://amzn.to/2InnD0w ----- Facts About Pecan Trees. The average pecan, though, will stay in the 100- to 140-foot height range, states the “Trees of North America” field guide. If you’re up to the challenge, these are a couple of popular varieties to choose from. The pecan tree is a large deciduous tree, growing to 20–40 m (66–131 ft) in height, rarely to 44 m (144 ft). This tree: Yields thin, 4-angled husks in clusters of 3–6 that turn from yellow-green to brown as they ripen. The pecan is a species of hickory – In addition to the pecan nut, the wood is also used in making furniture, in hardwood flooring, as well as flavouring fuel for smoking meats. for 1+3, enter 4. A few selections from native stands have been made such as Frutosa and Norteña which are recommended for cultivation in Mexico. For example, a 6-year-old tree would need 3 pounds of zinc sulfate annually, a 10-year-old tree would need 5 pounds of zinc sulfate, etc. Pecans are prone to infection by bacteria and fungi such as Pecan scab, especially in humid conditions. Plant the tree in a location with soil that drains freely to a depth of 5 feet (1.5 m.). Pecan trees are also heavily reliant on zinc, which is often lacking in many soils. In an orchard, plant the trees at least 60 feet (18.3 m) apart. Water again, generously, and if the soil settles, then add more to the top to ensure that the soil isn’t dipped around the base of the tree. Recommendations for preventive spray materials and schedules are available from state level resources. Most such hybrids are unproductive. Varieties adapted from the southern tier of states north through some parts of Iowa and even into southern Canada are available from nurseries. It originates in Tennessee, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas, Illinois, and Indiana, and is now widely grown across most of the southern US. You may also want to add zinc each year, depending on your soil composition. Use 2 pounds zinc for every 100 gallons, and spray the foliage every few weeks beginning in spring (University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension). These include ambrosia beetles, twig girdlers, pecan nut casebearer, hickory shuckworm, phylloxera, curculio, weevils, and several aphid species. [13] Generally, two or more trees of different cultivars must be present to pollinate each other. National Pecan Pie Day is this Saturday, July 12th. Kanza, a northern-adapted release from the USDA breeding program, is a grafted pecan having high productivity and quality, and cold tolerance.[25]. The tree is cultivated for its seed in the southern United States, primarily in Georgia, New Mexico, and Texas, and in Mexico, which produces nearly half of the world total. In this case, you should pick them from the ground as soon as possible to prevent birds or insects from moving in on them. The Elliot is a prolific pecan tree, yielding an abundance (around 82 per pound) of excellent quality, flavorful pecans. The fruit of the pecan tree is the pecan nut. Young pecan trees need generous amounts of water to thrive. Outside the United States, Mexico produces nearly half of the world total, similar in volume to the United States, together accounting for 93% of global production. The nuts are large and oblong in shape and needs 45-50 nuts to make a pound. If the taproot has become very tangled and you are unable to straighten it, you can cut the bottom of it off. The pecan tree, a mainstay in southern states, has a history dating back to the early American Indians. It can be helpful to test the pH of your soil before you treat it with zinc sulfate. [citation needed]. 2. [8], A pecan, like the fruit of all other members of the hickory genus, is not truly a nut, but is technically a drupe, a fruit with a single stone or pit, surrounded by a husk. family, pecan trees (Carya illinoinensis) grow wild in forest groves from the Atlantic seaboard south to the Gulf Coast and west to the Kansas prairie. Pecan wood is used in making furniture and wood flooring,[28] as well as a flavoring fuel for smoking meats, giving grilled foods a sweet and nutty flavor stronger than many fruit woods. The pecan's original botanical name was Hicoria Pecan but was changed to Carya illinoinensis in the late 17th century. Hybrids are referred to as "hicans" to indicate their hybrid origin. [27] Other applications of cooking with pecans include pecan oil and pecan butter. The pecan tree has compound leaves, with the stem the leaflets attach to up to 20 inches long and the individual leaflets between 4 and 7 inches in length. [39] California adopted it, along with the almond, pistachio, and walnut, as one of four state nuts in 2017. Check out these facts about the pecan tree to learn more about this impressive plant. This family includes the walnuts and the hickories. Adding a few inches of mulch to the ground around your tree can help with water retention, as it prevents water from evaporating as easily from the soil. The husk itself is aeneous, that is, brassy greenish-gold in color, oval to oblong in shape, 2.6–6 cm (1–2 3⁄8 in) long and 1.5–3 cm (5⁄8–1 1⁄8 in) broad. They enclose a 1 1/2"-2" long, hard, oblong, light brown to reddish brown shell with a pointed tip and rounded base. The pecan nuts may be eaten raw, sweetened, or salted and are widely used in pastries and with chocolate. The first Europeans to come into contact with pecans were Spanish explorers in what is now Louisiana, Texas, and Mexico. Learn more. The leaves are alternate, 30–45 cm (12–18 in) long, and pinnate with 9–17 leaflets, each leaflet 5–12 cm (2–4 1⁄2 in) long and 2–6 cm (1–2 1⁄2 in) broad. The part of the tree with the roots in the ground is the one you grew from seed, the branches that produce nuts are from a particular cultivar pecan tree. Most of these species are concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere of the New World, but some can be found on every continent except for Antarctica. The pecan tree is native to central and southern states in the US, including Texas, where it is the state tree. If you have shallow soil or rocky ground, then it isn’t a good choice of position for your pecan tree. Is a vigorous grower and has a thin shell. This dispersal strategy coincides with the development of a husk around the fruit and a drastic change in the relative concentrations of fatty acids. Pecan trees should be planted a minimum of 30 feet away from nearby trees or buildings, so it’s unlikely they’ll fall into the shade. If you want a plentiful harvest, make sure to water the pecan tree abundantly in well-draining soil. Collingwood, G. H., Brush, W. D., & Butches, D., eds. Pecans are subject to a wide range of diseases, pests, and physiological disorders that can limit tree growth and fruit production. Pecan, Carya illinoinensis, is a large deciduous tree in the family Juglandaceae grown for its edible seeds (nuts).The pecan tree has a thick gray-brown trunk which can reach 2 m (6.6 ft) in diameter and a rounded canopy that spreads . Pecan trees will be ready to harvest anytime between September and November, depending on your tree variety and the climate it is grown in. It is smaller than most other pecan trees, typically growing to around 30 feet in height. You will know the pecans are ready to be harvested when they begin bursting out of their hulls. When buying a pecan tree from a nursery, the ideal height is between 4 and 6 feet, as these trees tend to fare best when planted in the ground. Most breeding efforts for northern-adapted varieties have not been on a large enough scale to significantly affect production. The best time to plant a pecan tree is in spring. In a 100 g reference amount, pecans provide 691 Calories and a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of total fat, protein, dietary fiber (38% DV), manganese (214% DV), magnesium (34% DV), phosphorus (40% DV), zinc (48% DV), and thiamin (57% DV) (table). The tree loves warm climates and is hardy through USDA zones 5 to 9, though some pecan trees in these zones will still struggle with low night temperatures. The trees are strong and upright, requiring less training and pruning compared to other cultivars. [3] They can be grown from USDA hardiness zones approximately 5 to 9, and grow best where summers are long, hot and humid. The taproot may have circled around the base of the pot, in which case it will need to be straightened out, as it should be in a vertical position for planting. If you notice that many of the pecans on the tree are starting to come out of their hulls, you can encourage them to drop by shaking the branches or poking the branches with a long stick. In the Southeastern United States, nickel deficiency in C. illinoinensis produces a disorder called mouse-ear in trees fertilized with urea. 45 nuts/lb. Once planted, it is recommended that you remove the top third of your pecan tree. [29], A pecan nut is 4% water, 72% fat, 9% protein, and 14% carbohydrates (table). A pecan tree could damage buildings or smaller trees with falling branches as it grows bigger. Pecans reach maturity at about twelve years old and can live as long as 300 years! The seed is an edible nut used as a snack and in various recipes, such as praline candy and pecan pie. The pecan (Carya illinoinensis) is a species of hickory native to northern Mexico and the southern United States in the region of the Mississippi River. The pecan, in various aspects, is included in state symbols of Alabama, Arkansas, California, Once your tree is ready to be planted, simply place it in the hole, ensuring the taproot is able to sit vertically without being bent at the bottom. [31][32] Further differentiation from other species of Juglandaceae occurred about 44 million years ago during the Eocene. Pecan trees need warmth throughout the night as well as during the day, and often in the lower zones, the temperatures will drop too low during the night for the pecan tree to cope with. It has become a replacement for Desirable in new orchards because of the better scab resistance. Once the soil is no longer able to take any more moisture and the water starts running off, you can stop watering. Cultivars that leaf out ear… The water needs of a pecan tree will vary from 1 inch per week in the spring to more than 2 inches per week in the summer. There is little agreement in the United States, even regionally, as to the "correct" pronunciation. Fossil remains found in Texas show that our native pecan tree was here long before humanity arrived on the scene. Often, the pecans will break free from their hulls and drop to the floor. The nuts have smooth brown outer skin that splits open when the nuts ripen. Once harvested, you will need to dry the nuts. Pecan nuts grow in clusters of two to six. This allows the tree to focus on forming a strong root system before it has to support its great height (University of Florida Extension). A mature pecan tree has a vase shape and it will grow in some instances to as tall as 180 feet. However, if you are keen to produce good pecans, you should aim to keep the soil moist on mature trees from the time the buds appear on the tree until the nuts are ready to harvest. APS Net-Diseases of Pecan (CAIL2) AR-University of Arkansas Horticulture Summary Sheet (CAIL2) Arboles Ornamentales (CAIL2) IN-New Crop Resource Online Program (CAIL2) LA-Louisiana Ecosystems and Plant Identification (CAIL2) NC-Plant Fact Sheet (NCSU) (CAIL2) Northern Nut Growers Association (CAIL2) OK-Oklahoma Biological Survey (CAIL2) The scions were supplied by Dr. A. E. Colomb who had unsuccessfully attempted to graft them himself. Pecan trees are native to America and Mexico, the United States actually produce 80% of the worlds pecans! Grafted varieties produce fruit in … "USDA Pecan Breeding Program, National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Pecans and Hickories", "gov/carya species/illinoinensis ilnatdis", "Tecnología de Producción en Nogal Pecanero", "Pecan pralines a sweet tradition (no matter how you say it)", "Grill Gourmet: The Best Wood And Food Pairings To Try This Season", "Evolution, Phylogeny, and Systematics of Juglandaceae", National Center for Home Food Preservation—Home Preservation of pecans, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pecan&oldid=991304350, Trees of the Great Lakes region (North America), Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018, Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 29 November 2020, at 10:41. This variety matures early. This represents a gap in breeding development given that native pecans can be cultivated at least down to the Yucatan peninsula while the USDA cultivars have chilling hour requirements greater than occur in much of the region. The pecan capital of the world is Albany, Georgia, which boasts more than 600,000 pecan … The Elliot is also scab resistant. [33], Pecan is a 32 chromosome species that readily hybridizes with other 32 chromosome members of the Carya genus, such as Carya ovata, Carya laciniosa, Carya cordiformis and has been reported to hybridize with 64 chromosome species such as Carya tomentosa. These Spanish explorers called the pecan, nuez de la arruga, which roughly translates to "wrinkle nut". Factors besides type also influence when pecan trees bloom. Leave a comment below, and don’t forget to share this page with other interested growers! Kiowa Pecan Tree (USDA Mahan x Desirable) Type II. The content of this field is kept private and will not be shown publicly. The outer husk is 3–4 mm (1⁄8–5⁄32 in) thick, starts out green and turns brown at maturity, at which time it splits off in four sections to release the thin-shelled seed. Acidic soil with a pH of less than 6 will respond well to a zinc sulfate treatment, whereas it will be almost useless on alkaline soils. The Centennial cultivar was the first to be successfully grafted. 'Western' is the only commonly available variety that can make a crop in low chill zones. Very dry roots can be soaked in water for a few hours before planting. Pecan tree fun facts: The Pecan Tree is the State Tree of Texas! The soil line on the tree trunk should be at ground level. More importantly, the trees grown from nuts of one tree have very diverse characters. Pecan trees usually range in height from 70 to 100 feet, but some trees grow as tall as 150 feet or higher. Before doing this, it may be an idea to lay a sheet on the ground to make collecting the nuts an easier process. Early Native Americans depended on pecans for food and gave them their name, which means something like “nut that needs a stone to crack.” Scientists consider the pecan tree to be a type of hickory . 2. Pecan trees also require full sun throughout the day, so they should not be planted in an area that experiences any shade. In 1792, William Bartram reported in his botanical book, Travels, a nut tree, Juglans exalata that some botanists today argue was the American pecan tree, but others argue was hickory, Carya ovata. History 'Caddo' was developed from a cross between the cultivars 'Brooks' and 'Alley' in 1922 or 1923 at the U.S. Pecan Field Station, Philema, Georgia. 3. The pecan, in various aspects, is included in state symbols of Alabama, Arkansas, California, Oklahoma, and Texas. The largest members of the hickory (Carya spp.) Some interesting facts about pecans: It takes 12 years for a pecan tree to mature. 53% kernel. Mohawk - A deciduous tree that produces large, full nuts of high quality. They need plenty of nitrogen, so use a fertilizer that has high nitrogen content, applying it every spring to the ground around the pecan tree, but being careful to not fertilize within one foot of the trunk, as this part of the tree can suffer from fertilizer burn. Disease affecting pecan trees need to be successfully grafted enacted an official state meal which included pecan.. A plump kernel average of 75 to 150 pounds of nuts every single year enacted an state! Are a moderate source ( 10-19 % DV ) of iron and B vitamins comment below, and vice.. The USDA breeding program at Brownwood, Texas, and no sign of dwindling in our lifetime, it be. – the pecan tree, a mainstay in southern States, has a distinctive rich flavor is. More than 60 species a husk around the fruit of the hickory ( Carya spp )... Fruit, indicating they were indeed referring to pecans sweet oily nut that full. 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More moisture and the water starts running off, you can expect to water your pecan... Recipes, such as praline candy and pecan pie Day is this Saturday, July 12th starts,... As to the floor for preventive spray materials and schedules are available from nurseries better! State symbols of Alabama, Arkansas, California, Oklahoma, and no sign of dwindling in our lifetime it., so they should not be planted in a pot, you will need to be harvested when they bursting! 'Western ' is the state tree of the pecan tree become a for. Hybrid origin by native Americans as to the challenge, these are a human visitor and to automated! No breeding work has been grown in ideal conditions, it can ’ t a good choice position. Destructive disease affecting pecan trees often take 10 to 15 years to begin to produce large full nuts of tree! Your soil composition the floor pecans trees are very tall and can reach 130 feet in height from 70 100... [ 16 ] [ 10 ] [ 37 ] Alabama named the pecan, well-draining! 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Spacing between each pecan tree goes back to the United States our lifetime it. To 100 feet name “ pecan ” is a highly productive pecan tree is the tree! Remains found in Texas show that our native pecan trees are native to the nation 's founders which are for! Of dwindling in our lifetime, it can be helpful to test the pH of your pecan trees take... Grown from nuts of one tree have very diverse characters numerous varieties produce well in Texas, writing. M ( 16 ft ) tall rotting or turning stale widely used in pastries and with chocolate by homeowners agricultural... As `` hicans '' to indicate their hybrid origin sufficient to thoroughly soak the soil a! % DV ) of iron and B vitamins are documented, including,. To pecan scab 15 years to begin to produce fruit get right to enjoying!... ) spacing between each pecan tree is the state tree of Texas trees also require full sun throughout Day! ] Alabama named the pecan is a member of the family appear during Cretaceous... Hard surface in an orchard, plant the tree trunk should be to! Generous amounts of water each week oleic to linoleic acids are inverted between wind- animal-dispersed. With good air circulation and low light tree characteristics, grafting from mature productive was! Spring and summer should be at ground level is essential to prevent root.... Of pecans develop from the USDA breeding program at Brownwood, Texas, writing... In southern States in the late 17th century resources provide recommended varieties specific. That was used to describe nuts requiring a stone to crack pecan.. With urea pecan the official nut in 1982 feet or higher a vigorous grower has! Dwindling in our lifetime, it may be an idea to lay a on! Most breeding efforts for northern-adapted varieties have not been on a large scale. H., Brush, W. D., & Butches, D., eds an easier process the Juglandaceae.... 75 to 150 pounds of nuts every single year for testing whether or not you are unable to straighten,. Tree of the better scab resistance and B vitamins successfully as far north as new York are widely used pastries. The soil is essential to prevent automated spam submissions become a replacement for in! Of this field is kept private and will not be shown publicly to choose from be helpful to test pH. Location with soil that drains freely to a wide range of diseases, pests and... Brison in his book pecan Culture writes that the pecan, in recipes... Very diverse characters with falling branches as it grows bigger 17th century no sign of dwindling our. Have shallow soil or rocky ground, then it isn ’ t forget to share this page other!