Thomas Paine's Works Works Cited Thomas Paine's "Common Sense" and "The Crisis" Interesting Facts. [52], Much later, when Paine returned from his mission to France, Deane's corruption had become more widely acknowledged. I remember, very vividly, the flash of enlightenment that shone from Paine's writings, and I recall thinking, at that time, 'What a pity these works are not today the schoolbooks for all children!' Paine educated me, then, about many matters of which I had never before thought. Meanwhile, conservative intellectual Edmund Burke launched a counterrevolutionary blast against the French Revolution, entitled Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), which strongly appealed to the landed class, and sold 30,000 copies. [77] In July 1795, he was re-admitted into the Convention, as were other surviving Girondins. A chalk mark was supposed to be left by the gaoler on the door of a cell to denote that the prisoner inside was due to be removed for execution. During the onset of the American Revolution, Paine played an important role for writing two powerful pamphlets. Rumors of the remains’ whereabouts sprouted up through the years with little or no validation, including an Australian businessman who claimed to purchase the skull in the 1990s. [124], It subsequently circulated widely in South America and through it Uruguayan national hero José Gervasio Artigas became familiar with and embraced Paine's ideas. It offers a solution for Americans disgusted with and alarmed at the threat of tyranny. Paine’s most famous pamphlet, “Common Sense,” was first published on January 10, 1776, selling out its thousand printed copies immediately. [8], Thomas Paine was born on January 29, 1736 (NS February 9, 1737),[Note 1] the son of Joseph Pain, a tenant farmer and stay-maker,[9] and Frances (née Cocke) Pain, in Thetford, Norfolk, England. The Trouble With Tom: The Strange Afterlife and Times of Thomas Paine. Paine Emigrates to America In 1768, Paine began work as an excise officer on the Sussex coast. The colonial Massachusetts native was raised by his uncle, a wealthy Boston merchant. The view that Paine had advocated eventually prevailed when the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was passed. In 1835, when he was 26 years old, Abraham Lincoln wrote a defense of Paine's deism. My interest in Paine was not satisfied by my first reading of his works. He also fashioned jewelry made with hair removed from Paine’s skull for fundraising purposes. [122], I have always regarded Paine as one of the greatest of all Americans. In October, Paine emigrated to the American colonies, arriving in Philadelphia on November 30, 1774. The American Revolution of 1776, of which thomas paine was the author-hero, was the prelude to that far more sanguin ary struggle against Oppression and wrong which overturned, or irreparably shook, every throne in Western Europe includ ing, in the category, even the chair of St. Peter; and of which struggle the most prominent author-hero was J m jacques Rousseau. In October 1992, the legislation was signed into law (PL102-407 and PL102-459) by President George H. W. Bush authorizing the construction by using private funds of a memorial to Thomas Paine in "Area 1" of the grounds of the U.S. [74], Paine himself protested and claimed that he was a citizen of the U.S., which was an ally of Revolutionary France, rather than of Great Britain, which was by that time at war with France. [2] His ideas reflected Enlightenment-era ideals of transnational human rights. In style, Paine above all others affords the variety of eloquence which, chastened and adapted to Lincoln's own mood, is revealed in Lincoln's formal writings. Many years later the writer and orator Robert G. Ingersoll wrote: Thomas Paine had passed the legendary limit of life. But for this quirk of fate, Paine would have been executed the following morning. Harvey J. Kaye wrote that through Paine, through his pamphlets and catchphrases such as "The sun never shined on a cause of greater worth," "We have it in our power to begin the world over again," and "These are the times that try men's souls" did more than move Americans to declare their independence: John Stevenson argues that in the early 1790s, numerous radical political societies were formed throughout England and Wales in which Paine's writings provided "a boost to the self-confidence of those seeking to participate in politics for the first time. This was alleged to be effectively an embarrassment to France, which potentially could have jeopardized the alliance. Common Sense was the most widely read pamphlet of the American Revolution. ", Martin Roth, "Tom Paine and American Loneliness. He argued that America was related to Europe as a whole, not just England, and that it needed to freely trade with nations like France and Spain. The Age of Reason (1794–1795), Paine’s most controversial work, is an unrestrained assault on the authority of the Bible and a fervent defense of the benevolent God of deism. Thomas Paine was an English-American writer and political pamphleteer. [25], Before Paine's arrival in America, sixteen magazines had been founded in the colonies and ultimately failed, each featuring substantial content and reprints from England. [69] He subsequentially participated in the Constitutional Committee in drafting the Girondin constitutional project. In Paine's case, the mark had accidentally been made on the inside of his door rather than the outside; this was due to the fact that the door of Paine's cell had been left open whilst the gaoler was making his rounds that day, since Paine had been receiving official visitors. In 1776, this was the most widely read pamphlet of the American Revolution. Works of Thomas Paine: This page indexes resources at this site relating to Thomas Paine. The Kindle version of this book contains only two of Paine’s works, being “Common Sense” and “The Age of Reason.”. Eventually, after much pleading from Paine, New York State recognized his political services by presenting him with an estate at New Rochelle, New York and Paine received money from Pennsylvania and from Congress at Washington's suggestion. His attacks on Anglo-Irish conservative writer Edmund Burke led to a trial and conviction in absentia in England in 1792 for the crime of seditious libel. Thomas Paine's The Age of Reason - Part Three (The Modern Works of Thomas Paine Book 1) by. Paine also claimed that the American colonies needed to break with England in order to survive and that there would never be a better moment in history for that to happen. In 1804, Paine returned to the subject, writing To the People of England on the Invasion of England advocating the idea. Thomas Paine. [84] Paine discussed with Napoleon how best to invade England. This park in the heart of New York City's civic center is named for patriot, author, humanitarian, and political visionary Thomas Paine (1737-1809). [50] Amongst Paine's criticisms, he had written in the Pennsylvania Packet that France had " prefaced [their] alliance by an early and generous friendship," referring to aid that had been provided to American colonies prior to the recognition of the Franco-American treaties. Paine fled to France in September where, despite not being able to speak French, he was quickly elected to the French National Convention. Writings. Thomas Paine was an England-born political philosopher and writer who supported revolutionary causes in America and Europe. However, Paine's speech in defense of Louis XVI was interrupted by Jean-Paul Marat, who claimed that as a Quaker, Paine's religious beliefs ran counter to inflicting capital punishment and thus he should be ineligible to vote. Paine's "Common Sense" which stressed the need for the separation from England eventually helped pave the way for the formulation of the Declaration of Independence. David Braff, "Forgotten Founding Father: The Impact of Thomas Paine," in Joyce Chumbley, ed., David C. Hoffman, "Paine and Prejudice: Rhetorical Leadership through Perceptual Framing in Common Sense. [23], Paine barely survived the transatlantic voyage. [25] On March 8, 1775, the Pennsylvania Magazine published an unsigned abolitionist essay titled African Slavery in America. This angered many of Paine's wealthy Virginia friends, including Richard Henry Lee of the powerful Lee family, who had been Paine's closest ally in Congress, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, all of whom had claimed to huge wild tracts that Paine was advocating should be government owned. His business collapsed soon after. [40] Even some American revolutionaries objected to Common Sense; late in life John Adams called it a "crapulous mass". He was then tried in absentia and found guilty, although never executed. [49], In what may have been an error, and perhaps even contributed to his resignation as the secretary to the Committee of Foreign Affairs, Paine was openly critical of Silas Deane, an American diplomat who had been appointed in March 1776 by the Congress to travel to France in secret. On June 4, 1774, he formally separated from his wife Elizabeth and moved to London, where, in September, mathematician, Fellow of the Royal Society, and Commissioner of the Excise George Lewis Scott introduced him to Benjamin Franklin,[22] who suggested emigration to British colonial America, and gave him a letter of recommendation. [103], Later, his encounters with the Indigenous peoples of the Americas made a deep impression. [24] In March 1775, he became editor of the Pennsylvania Magazine, a position he conducted with considerable ability. In late 1776, Paine published The American Crisis pamphlet series to inspire the Americans in their battles against the British army. [41], Sophia Rosenfeld argues that Paine was highly innovative in his use of the commonplace notion of "common sense". On April 14, to avoid debtors' prison, he sold his household possessions to pay debts. Posted Jun 18, 2020 ... God and morals were very important to many people. The Federalists used the letter in accusations that Paine was a tool for French revolutionaries who also sought to overthrow the new American government. [124], The first and longest-standing memorial to Paine is the carved and inscribed 12-foot marble column in New Rochelle, New York, organized and funded by publisher, educator and reformer Gilbert Vale (1791–1866) and raised in 1839 by the American sculptor and architect John Frazee, the Thomas Paine Monument (see image below). The American Crisis. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. Tensions between England and France were increasing, and this pamphlet urged the British Ministry to reconsider the consequences of war with France. While awaiting that, he worked as a stay-maker. ‘These Are The Times That Try Men’s Souls’, Thomas Paine National Historical Association, Jerome D. Wilson and William F. Ricketson. ", Jack P. Greene, "Paine, America, and the 'Modernization' Of Political Consciousness,". Heaven knows how to put a proper price upon its goods; and it would be strange indeed if so celestial an article as freedom should not be highly rated. At this time his work on single-arch iron bridges led him back to Paris, France. Paul Collins. Paine died on June 8, 1809, in New York City, and was buried on his property in New Rochelle. The animosity Paine felt as a result of the publication of "Public Good" fueled his decision to embark with Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens on a mission to travel to Paris to obtain funding for the American war effort. [46] To inspire his soldiers, General George Washington had The American Crisis, first Crisis pamphlet, read aloud to them. [72], Paine was arrested in France on December 28, 1793. He was born into a prominent Boston family and studied at Harvard. Paine stayed on with him, helping Bonneville with the burden of translating the "Covenant Sea". Paine published his book Rights of Man in two parts in 1791 and 1792, a rebuttal of the writing of Irish political philosopher Edmund Burke and his attack on the French Revolution, of which Paine was a supporter. [65], In summer of 1792, he answered the sedition and libel charges thus: "If, to expose the fraud and imposition of monarchy ... to promote universal peace, civilization, and commerce, and to break the chains of political superstition, and raise degraded man to his proper rank; if these things be libellous ... let the name of libeller be engraved on my tomb. [90], In 1802 or 1803, Paine left France for the United States, also paying the passage for Bonneville's wife Marguerite Brazier and the couple's three sons, Benjamin, Louis and Thomas Bonneville, to whom Paine was godfather. James Monroe, a future President of the United States, used his diplomatic connections to get Paine released in November 1794. The pamphlet proved so influential that John Adams reportedly declared, “Without the pen of the author of ‘Common Sense,’ the sword of Washington would have been raised in vain.”. In late 1774, Philadelphia printer Robert Aitken announced his plan to create what he called an "American Magazine" with content derived from the colonies. His father was a corset-maker, and young Thomas was apprenticed to him at age 13 when he failed out of school. The third, sculpted by Sir Charles Wheeler, President of the Royal Academy, was erected in 1964 in Paine's birthplace, Thetford, England. Published in 1776 to international acclaim, “Common Sense” was the first pamphlet to advocate American independence. "Society in every state is a blessing, but Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; in … Immediately following the Washington debacle, however, The Age of Reason marked the end of Paine’s credibility in the United States, where he became largely despised. [130], In New York City, the Thomas Paine Park is marked by a fountain called The Triumph of the Human Spirit. A large collection of books, pamphlets, and pictures is contained in the Paine library, including many first editions of Paine's works as well as several original manuscripts. Paine expressed a redemptive futurism or political messianism. Thomas Paine was born January 29, 1737, in Norfolk, England, the son of a Quaker corset maker and his older Anglican wife. Thomas Paine Books: 'Rights of Man,' 'The Age of Reason' In April 1787, Paine headed back to England, where he soon became fascinated with what he heard of the roiling French Revolution. Rosenfeld concludes that the phenomenal appeal of his pamphlet resulted from his synthesis of popular and elite elements in the independence movement. It was an institution of the devil. On July 31, 1766, he requested his reinstatement from the Board of Excise, which they granted the next day, upon vacancy. At the time of his death, most American newspapers reprinted the obituary notice from the New York Evening Post that was in turn quoting from The American Citizen,[99] which read in part: "He had lived long, did some good, and much harm". It shows a seated Paine using a drum-head as a makeshift table. [71], Paine wrote the second part of Rights of Man on a desk in Thomas 'Clio' Rickman's house, with whom he was staying in 1792 before he fled to France. Paine’s visit was concurrent with the capture of Louis XVI, and he witnessed the monarch’s return to Paris. But if trouble must come, let it come in my time, so that my children can live in peace. About Resources Links Collected Works Project Writings Timeline. [93], After his death, Paine's body was brought to New Rochelle, but the Quakers would not allow it to be buried in their graveyard as per his last will, so his remains were buried under a walnut tree on his farm. [43] because in their childhood they had experienced the Great Awakening, which, for the first time, had tied Americans together, transcending denominational and ethnic boundaries and giving them a sense of patriotism.[44][45]. [123], In 1811, Venezuelan translator Manuel Garcia de Sena published a book in Philadelphia that consisted mostly of Spanish translations of several of Paine's most important works. The multiple sources of Paine's political theory all pointed to a society based on the common good and individualism. Three months later, Paine was on a ship to America, nearly dying from a bout of scurvy. Bonneville hid the Royalist Antoine Joseph Barruel-Beauvert at his home. The first, created by Mount Rushmore sculptor Gutzon Borglum, was erected in Paris just before World War II began but not formally dedicated until 1948. The controversy eventually became public, and Paine was then denounced as unpatriotic for criticizing an American revolutionary. In 1780, Paine published a pamphlet entitled "Public Good," in which he made the case that territories west of the 13 colonies that had been part of the British Empire belonged after the Declaration of Independence to the American government, and did not belong to any of the 13 states or to any individual speculators. [26] The essay is often attributed to Paine on the basis of a letter by Benjamin Rush, recalling Paine's claim of authorship to the essay. He began his career in local politics in 1737 and was named speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1746. All thomas paine paintings ship within 48 hours and include a 30-day money-back guarantee. [citation needed]. In "Public Good," Paine argued that these lands belonged to the American government as represented by the Continental Congress. The bones were still among Cobbett's effects when he died over fifteen years later, but were later lost. [50] Paine labeled Deane as unpatriotic, and demanded that there be a public investigation into Morris' financing of the Revolution, as he had contracted with his own company for around $500,000. He was an impassioned champion of a strong federal government, and played a key role in defending ...read more. [110], Though there is no evidence Paine himself was a Freemason,[111] upon his return to America from France he also penned "An Essay on the Origin of Free-Masonry" (1803–1805) about Freemasonry being derived from the religion of the ancient Druids. If you want to help support True Pundit and Thomas Paine then please do so for what they already give: Dependable breaking news and investigative intelligence unmatched elsewhere. [56] In 1785, he was given $3,000 by the U.S. Congress in recognition of his service to the nation. The Sacred Texts DVD-ROM 9.0: own the wisdom of the ages! Joel Barlow was unsuccessful in securing Paine's release by circulating a petition among American residents in Paris. It is a history of wickedness that has served to corrupt and brutalize mankind; and, for my part, I sincerely detest it, as I detest everything that is cruel. Paine’s bones were discovered by customs inspectors in Liverpool, but allowed to pass through. [129] It was placed there in 1943 by voluntary contributions from U.S. airmen from a nearby bomber base. Thomas Paine was the revolutionary scholar for the masses. He calls the Revolutionary generation "the children of the twice-born". Paine returned to the United States in the early stages of the Second Great Awakening and a time of great political partisanship. In The Age of Reason he advocated deism, promoted reason and free thought and argued against institutionalized religion in general and Christian doctrine in particular. Thomas Edison helped to turn the first shovel of earth for the museum which serves as a museum to display both Paine relics as well as others of local historical interest. [32], Paine's attack on monarchy in Common Sense is essentially an attack on George III. © 2020 A&E Television Networks, LLC. The U.S. Social Security Administration recognizes Agrarian Justice as the first American proposal for an old-age pension and basic income or citizen's dividend. There remains some question as to the relationship of Henry Laurens and Thomas Paine to Robert Morris as the Superintendent of Finance and his business associate Thomas Willing who became the first president of the Bank of North America in January 1782. During the American Revolutionary War (1775-83), Jefferson served in the Virginia legislature and the Continental Congress ...read more, Thomas Hutchinson (1711-1780) was a colonial American politician, judge and historian. Also still fresh in the minds of the public was his Letter to Washington published six years before his return. Liberals, libertarians, left-libertarians, feminists, democratic socialists, social democrats, anarchists, free thinkers and progressives often claim him as an intellectual ancestor. His career turned to journalism while in Philadelphia, and suddenly, Thomas Paine became very important. The meetings with the French king were most likely conducted in the company and under the influence of Benjamin Franklin. Paine's critique of institutionalized religion and advocacy of rational thinking influenced many British freethinkers in the 19th and 20th centuries, such as William Cobbett, George Holyoake, Charles Bradlaugh, Christopher Hitchens and Bertrand Russell. ...read more, American Revolution leader John Hancock (1737-1793) was a signer of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and a governor of Massachusetts. His rousing speeches—which included a 1775 speech to the Virginia legislature in which he famously declared, ...read more, From 1774 to 1789, the Continental Congress served as the government of the 13 American colonies and later the United States. A minister in New York was dismissed because he shook hands with Paine. This is the only place in the world where Paine purchased real estate. Cobbett spent some time in Newgate Prison and after briefly being displayed, Paine’s bones ended up in Cobbett’s cellar until he died. In 2001, the city of New Rochelle launched an effort to gather the remains and give Paine a final resting place. Many, including Robert Morris, apologized to Paine and Paine's reputation in Philadelphia was restored.[53]. “Independence is my happiness, and I view things as they are, without regard to place or person; my … To achieve these ends, he pioneered a style of political writing suited to the democratic society he envisioned, with Common Sense serving as a primary example. The British government of William Pitt the Younger, worried by the possibility that the French Revolution might spread to England, had begun suppressing works that espoused radical philosophies. In December 1797, he wrote two essays, one of which was pointedly named Observations on the Construction and Operation of Navies with a Plan for an Invasion of England and the Final Overthrow of the English Government,[85] in which he promoted the idea to finance 1,000 gunboats to carry a French invading army across the English Channel. "[66], Paine was an enthusiastic supporter of the French Revolution, and was granted honorary French citizenship alongside prominent contemporaries such as Alexander Hamilton, George Washington, Benjamin Franklin and others. At his funeral no pomp, no pageantry, no civic procession, no military display. My own mind is my own church. This desk is currently on display in the People's History Museum in Manchester. [26] Citing a lack of further evidence of Paine's authorship, however, scholars Foner and Alfred Owen Aldridge no longer consider it to be one of his works. In 1797, Paine lived in Paris with Nicholas Bonneville and his wife. 34 in the 100 Greatest Britons 2002 extensive Nationwide poll conducted by the BBC. Later he asked to leave this post to await a vacancy, and he became a schoolteacher in London. Having received no response, Paine contacted his lifelong publisher Benjamin Bache, the Jeffersonian democrat, to publish his Letter to George Washington of 1796 in which he derided Washington's reputation by describing him as a treacherous man who was unworthy of his fame as a military and political hero. The same year, Paine purportedly had a meeting with Napoleon. Paine’s two-volume treatise on religion, The Age of Reason, was published in 1794 and 1795, with a third part appearing in 1802. In the early 1990s, largely through the efforts of citizen activist David Henley of Virginia, legislation (S.Con.Res 110 and H.R. Paine’s remains were stolen in 1819 by British radical newspaperman William Cobbett and shipped to England in order to give Paine a more worthy burial. Though often mistaken as an atheist text, The Age of Reason is actually an advocacy of deism and a belief in God. [16], On September 27, 1759, Thomas Paine married Mary Lambert. They had accused Morris of profiteering in 1779 and Willing had voted against the Declaration of Independence. He gave the local militia a key advantage during the Battles ...read more, In his 84 years, Thomas Edison acquired a record number of 1,093 patents (singly or jointly) and was the driving force behind such innovations as the phonograph, the incandescent light bulb and one of the earliest motion picture cameras. [120] A political associate, Samuel Hill, burned the manuscript to save Lincoln's political career. January 29, 1736][Note 1] – June 8, 1809) was an English-born American political activist, philosopher, political theorist, and revolutionary. While staying with Monroe, Paine planned to send Washington a letter of grievance on the former President's birthday. The first volume functions as a criticism of Christian theology and organized religion in favor of reason and scientific inquiry. The First Continental Congress, which was comprised of delegates from the colonies, met in 1774 in reaction to the Coercive Acts, a series of measures ...read more, Paul Revere was a colonial Boston silversmith, industrialist, propagandist and patriot immortalized in the Henry Wadsworth Longfellow poem describing Revere’s midnight ride to warn the colonists about a British attack. So say I now – and so help me God.[58]. Thus, Paine used "common sense" as a weapon to delegitimize the monarchy and overturn prevailing conventional wisdom. He was a gifted orator and major figure in the American Revolution. However, Gouverneur Morris, the American minister to France, did not press his claim, and Paine later wrote that Morris had connived at his imprisonment. All national institutions of churches, whether Jewish, Christian or Turkish, appear to me no other than human inventions, set up to terrify and enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit. He wrote Rights of Man (1791), in part a defence of the French Revolution against its critics. Napoleon claimed he slept with a copy of Rights of Man under his pillow and went so far as to say to Paine that "a statue of gold should be erected to you in every city in the universe". Things … The second volume is a critical analysis of the Old Testament and the New Testament of the Bible, questioning the divinity of Jesus Christ. Estate auctioneers refused to sell human remains and the bones became hard to trace. Thomas Paine Pamphlet/Writing Facts Of all of the publications written by Thomas Paine, "Common Sense" became the most influential and memorable piece. ), The Thomas Paine Reader, pg. [25][27], Paine has a claim to the title The Father of the American Revolution,[28][29] which rests on his pamphlets, especially Common Sense, which crystallized sentiment for independence in 1776. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1980, pp. [34] Scholars have put forward various explanations to account for its success, including the historic moment, Paine's easy-to-understand style, his democratic ethos, and his use of psychology and ideology. Paine didn’t make much money from his government work and no money from his pamphlets–despite their unprecedented popularity–and in 1781 he approached Washington for help. Paine's honorary citizenship was in recognition of the publishing of his Rights of Man, Part II and the sensation it created within France. They violated the laws of nature, human reason, and the "universal order of things," which began with God. January 29, 1736] – June 8, 1809) was an English and American political activist, philosopher, political theorist and revolutionary. In spring 1774, he was again dismissed from the excise service for being absent from his post without permission; his tobacco shop failed, too. In turn, many of Artigas's writings drew directly from Paine's, including the Instructions of 1813, which Uruguayans consider to be one of their country's most important constitutional documents, and was one of the earliest writings to articulate a principled basis for an identity independent of Buenos Aires. These partisan kids are easily manipulated mostly because they lack experience, wisdom. [33], Paine was not on the whole expressing original ideas in Common Sense, but rather employing rhetoric as a means to arouse resentment of the Crown. Cobbett claimed that his plan was to display Paine’s bones in order to raise money for a proper memorial. Paine made influential acquaintances in Paris and helped organize the Bank of North America to raise money to supply the army. [35], Common Sense was immensely popular in disseminating to a very wide audience ideas that were already in common use among the elite who comprised Congress and the leadership cadre of the emerging nation, who rarely cited Paine's arguments in their public calls for independence. [112] In the essay, he stated: "The Christian religion is a parody on the worship of the sun, in which they put a man called Christ in the place of the sun, and pay him the adoration originally paid to the sun". Paine apprenticed for his father but dreamed of a naval career, attempting once at age 16 to sign onto a ship called The Terrible, commanded by someone named Captain Death, but Paine’s father intervened. Thomas Paine had a democratic outlook on the political front. [121] Historian Roy Basler, the editor of Lincoln's papers, said Paine had a strong influence on Lincoln's style: No other writer of the eighteenth century, with the exception of Jefferson, parallels more closely the temper or gist of Lincoln's later thought. [25] While Aiken had conceived of the magazine as nonpolitical, Paine brought a strong political perspective to its content, writing in its first issue that "every heart and hand seem to be engaged in the interesting struggle for American Liberty. The following year, he alluded to secret negotiation underway with France in his pamphlets. The Girondins regarded him as an ally; consequently, the Montagnards, especially Maximilien Robespierre, regarded him as an enemy. [102] Writing that his generation "would appear to the future as the Adam of a new world", Paine exemplified British utopianism. [92] Although the original building is no longer there, the present building has a plaque noting that Paine died at this location. https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/thomas-paine. One Penny-Worth of Truth, from Thomas Bull to His Brother John (London: Stockdale, 1791). His birth name was Thomas Pain. It was my good fortune to encounter Thomas Paine's works in my boyhood... it was, indeed, a revelation to me to read that great thinker's views on political and theological subjects. [83] However, upon noting Napoleon's progress towards dictatorship, he condemned him as "the completest charlatan that ever existed". Major Works: Common Sense / The American Crisis / The Rights Of Man / The Age Of Reason / Agrarian Justice. Paine printed 4,000 copies and distributed them to members of British Parliament. [12] At the age of 13, he was apprenticed to his father, a staymaker. In 1814, the fall of Napoleon finally allowed Bonneville to rejoin his wife in the United States where he remained for four years before returning to Paris to open a bookshop. [104], On March 8, 1775, one month after Paine became the editor of The Pennsylvania Magazine, the magazine published an anonymous article titled "African Slavery in America," the first prominent piece in the colonies proposing the emancipation of African-American slaves and the abolition of slavery. All Rights Reserved. In 1802, he returned to the U.S. An indictment for seditious libel followed, for both publisher and author, while government agents followed Paine and instigated mobs, hate meetings, and burnings in effigy. [37] One distinctive idea in Common Sense is Paine's beliefs regarding the peaceful nature of republics; his views were an early and strong conception of what scholars would come to call the democratic peace theory. The Revolution over, Paine explored other pursuits, including inventing a smokeless candle and designing bridges. By contrast, journalist John Nichols writes that Paine's "fervent objections to slavery" led to his exclusion from power during the early years of the Republic. He was detained in Luxembourg, where he began work on his next book, "The Age of Reason.". By 1802, Paine was able to sail to Baltimore. [118], The quote "Lead, follow, or get out of the way" is widely but incorrectly attributed to Paine. [7] The American Crisis was a pro-revolutionary pamphlet series. Paine also used a notion of "common sense" favored by philosophes in the Continental Enlightenment. [125], New Rochelle is also the original site of Thomas Paine's Cottage, which along with a 320-acre (130 ha) farm were presented to Paine in 1784 by act of the New York State Legislature for his services in the American Revolution. [93], In the 20th century, Joseph Lewis, longtime president of the Freethinkers of America and an ardent Paine admirer, was instrumental in having larger-than-life-sized statues of Paine erected in each of the three countries with which the revolutionary writer was associated. He authored Common Sense (1776) and The American Crisis (1776–1783), the two most influential pamphlets at the start of the American Revolution, and helped inspire the patriots in 1776 to declare independence from Great Britain. Franklin provided letters of introduction for Paine to use to gain associates and contacts in France. The ship's water supplies were bad and typhoid fever killed five passengers. Adams disagreed with the type of radical democracy promoted by Paine (that men who did not own property should still be allowed to vote and hold public office) and published Thoughts on Government in 1776 to advocate a more conservative approach to republicanism. The ability of the Iroquois to live in harmony with nature while achieving a democratic decision-making process helped him refine his thinking on how to organize society. Marat interrupted a second time, stating that the translator was deceiving the convention by distorting the meanings of Paine's words, prompting Paine to provide a copy of the speech as proof that he was being correctly translated. It was "eagerly read by reformers, Protestant dissenters, democrats, London craftsmen, and the skilled factory-hands of the new industrial north". He wrote complex philosophies into relatively simple terms, so … Part of Paine's work was to render complex ideas intelligible to average readers of the day, with clear, concise writing unlike the formal, learned style favored by many of Paine's contemporaries. As well as Bonneville's other controversial guests, Paine aroused the suspicions of authorities. Washington appealed to Congress to no avail, and went so far as to plead with all the state assemblies to pay Paine a reward for his work. It was published in Philadelphia on January 10, 1776, and signed anonymously "by an Englishman". "[117], His writings in the long term inspired philosophic and working-class radicals in Britain and United States. I prefer peace. Monarchy, he said, was preposterous and it had a heathenish origin. During the Revolutionary War, Paine served as an aide-de-camp to the important general, Nathanael Greene. [3] Historian Saul K. Padover described him as "a corsetmaker by trade, a journalist by profession, and a propagandist by inclination".[4]. [13][14] Following his apprenticeship, aged 19, Thomas enlisted and briefly served as a privateer,[15] before returning to Britain in 1759. Starting in April 1777, Paine worked for two years as secretary to the Congressional Committee for Foreign Affairs and then became the clerk for the Pennsylvania Assembly at the end of 1779. The New York Times. He made the revolution popular. Inspired by the Sons of Liberty and the battle that erupted between patriot militia and British regulars when the king’s army attempted to capture and destroy Colonial military supplies at Lexington and Concord, Thomas Paine wrote what many would consider his most important work, Common Sense. Radically reduced in price to ensure unprecedented circulation, it was sensational in its impact and gave birth to reform societies. [48], However, in 1781, he accompanied John Laurens on his mission to France. Paine journeyed to Paris to oversee a French translation of the book in the summer of 1792. His most famous work is Common Sense (1776) which was an early call for the independence of the American colonies from Britain. 374. Why the Words of Thomas Paine Are Relevant Now “Where knowledge is a duty, ignorance is a crime,” declared Thomas Paine . He enlisted in the Navy and served as a privateer for a short time before returning to his father’s business. While in prison, he continued to work on The Age of Reason (1793–1794). [58], Paine bought his only house in 1783 on the corner of Farnsworth Avenue and Church Streets in Bordentown City, New Jersey and he lived in it periodically until his death in 1809. This shift in the conceptualization of politics has been described as a part of "the 'modernization' of political consciousness," and the mobilization of ever greater sections of society into political life. January 29, 1736] – June 8, 1809) was an English-born American political activist, philosopher, political theorist, and revolutionary. Paine was one of only three députés to oppose the adoption of the new 1795 constitution because it eliminated universal suffrage, which had been proclaimed by the Montagnard Constitution of 1793. In 1793 Paine was arrested for treason because of his opposition to the death penalty, most specifically the mass use of the guillotine and the execution of Louis XVI. Only six mourners came to his funeral, two of whom were black, most likely freedmen. The holdings, the subject of a sell-off controversy, were temporarily relocated to the New-York Historical Society and have since been more permanently archived in the Iona College library nearby. Common Sense is oriented to the future in a way that compels the reader to make an immediate choice. In 1806, despite failing health, Paine worked on the third part of his “Age of Reason,” and also a criticism of Biblical prophesies called “An Essay on Dream.”. A fierce pamphlet war also resulted, in which Paine was defended and assailed in dozens of works. His last pamphlet, Agrarian Justice, published in the winter of 1795, opposed agrarian law and agrarian monopoly and further developed his ideas in the Rights of Man about how land ownership separated the majority of people from their rightful, natural inheritance and means of independent survival. "From Liberalism to Radicalism " (1989) p 569. [86] Paine remained in France until 1802, returning to the United States only at President Jefferson's invitation. In 1768, Paine began work as an excise officer on the Sussex coast. As a 100% volunteer organization, every dollar we receive goes directly to supporting our mission. [31], The pamphlet came into circulation in January 1776, after the Revolution had started. He kept his head and survived the few vital days needed to be spared by the fall of Robespierre on 9 Thermidor (July 27, 1794). Written in a direct and lively style, it denounced the decaying despotisms of Europe and pilloried hereditary monarchy as an absurdity. He was a victim of the people, but his convictions remained unshaken. Released in 1794, partly thanks to the efforts of the then-new American minister to France, James Monroe, Paine became convinced that George Washington had conspired with French revolutionary politician Maximilien de Robespierre to have Paine imprisoned. Paine became notorious because of his pamphlets. Paine wrote that "the world will be puzzled to decide whether you are an apostate or an impostor; whether you have abandoned good principles or whether you ever had any". I went back to them time and again, just as I have done since my boyhood days. Paine provided a new and convincing argument for independence by advocating a complete break with history. A decree was passed at the end of 1793 excluding foreigners from their places in the Convention (Anacharsis Cloots was also deprived of his place). He voted for the French Republic, but argued against the execution of Louis XVI, saying the monarch should instead be exiled to the United States: firstly, because of the way royalist France had come to the aid of the American Revolution; and secondly, because of a moral objection to capital punishment in general and to revenge killings in particular. [55] It landed in France in March 1781 and returned to America in August with 2.5 million livres in silver, as part of a "present" of 6 million and a loan of 10 million. Thomas Paine (February 9, 1737 [O.S. [5][30] Paine's original title for the pamphlet was Plain Truth, but Paine's friend, pro-independence advocate Benjamin Rush, suggested Common Sense instead. [73] Sixteen American citizens were allowed to plead for Paine's release to the Convention, yet President Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier of the Committee of General Security refused to acknowledge Paine's American citizenship, stating he was an Englishman and a citizen of a country at war with France. Per Agrarian Justice: In advocating the case of the persons thus dispossessed, it is a right, and not a charity ... [Government must] create a national fund, out of which there shall be paid to every person, when arrived at the age of twenty-one years, the sum of fifteen pounds sterling, as a compensation in part, for the loss of his or her natural inheritance, by the introduction of the system of landed property. Thomas Paine was a very outspoken man when it came to writing. The Age of Reason; Being an Investigation of True and Fabulous Theology is a work by English and American political activist Thomas Paine, arguing for the philosophical position of deism.It follows in the tradition of 18th-century British deism, and challenges institutionalized religion and the legitimacy of the Bible.It was published in three parts in 1794, 1795, and 1807. About his own religious beliefs, Paine wrote in The Age of Reason: I believe in one God, and no more; and I hope for happiness beyond this life. ", Harlow Giles Unger, "Thomas Paine and the Clarion Call for American Independence," (New York: Da Capo Press, 2019), p. 89, Harlow Giles Unger, "Thomas Paine and the Clarion Call for American Independence," (New York: Da Capo Press, 2019), p. 93, Harlow Giles Unger, "Thomas Paine and the Clarion Call for American Independence," (New York: Da Capo Press, 2019), p. 102-103, Harlow Giles Unger, "Thomas Paine and the Clarion Call for American Independence," (New York: Da Capo Press, 2019), p. 100-101, Thomas Paine, Letter Addressed To The Addressers On The Late Proclamation, in Michael Foot, Isaac Kramnick (ed. [11], He attended Thetford Grammar School (1744–1749), at a time when there was no compulsory education. Virtually every rebel read (or listened to a reading of) his powerful pamphlet Common Sense, proportionally the all-time best-selling American title,[5][6] which catalysed the rebellious demand for independence from Great Britain. A biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland at 753–55, A. W. Skempton and M. Chrimes, ed., Thomas Telford, 2002; (, "Francis Oldys" [George Chalmers], The Life of Thomas Paine. He was still a soldier in the army of freedom, and still tried to enlighten and civilize those who were impatiently waiting for his death. [91], Brazier took care of Paine at the end of his life and buried him after his death on June 8, 1809. That was, Middlekauff says, exactly what most Americans wanted to hear. He used two ideas from Scottish Common Sense Realism: that ordinary people can indeed make sound judgments on major political issues, and that there exists a body of popular wisdom that is readily apparent to anyone. [87], Upset that U.S. President George Washington, a lifelong friend, did nothing during Paine's imprisonment in France, Paine believed Washington had betrayed him and conspired with Robespierre. Paine sought to turn the public opinion against the war to create better relations between the countries, avoid the taxes of war upon the citizens, and not engage in a war he believed would ruin both nations. The translator, François Lanthenas, eliminated the dedication to Lafayette, as he believed Paine thought too highly of Lafayette, who was seen as a royalist sympathizer at the time. In it, Paine argues that representational government is superior to a monarchy or other forms of government based on aristocracy and heredity. It was a clarion call for unity against the corrupt British court, so as to realize America's providential role in providing an asylum for liberty. Thomas Paine (born Thomas Pain)[1] (February 9, 1737 [O.S. Monroe stopped the letter from being sent, and after Paine's criticism of the Jay Treaty, which was supported by Washington, Monroe suggested that Paine live elsewhere. Consider supporting the Thomas Paine National Historical Association! One by one most of his old friends and acquaintances had deserted him. Beauvert had been outlawed following the coup of 18 Fructidor on September 4, 1797. Paine himself was threatened with execution by hanging when he was mistaken for an aristocrat, and he soon ran afoul of the Jacobins, who eventually ruled over France during the Reign of Terror, the bloodiest and most tumultuous years of the French Revolution. Jerome D. Wilson and William F. Ricketson. Whereas colonial resentments were originally directed primarily against the king's ministers and Parliament, Paine laid the responsibility firmly at the king's door. Whenever we read the obscene stories, the voluptuous debaucheries, the cruel and tortuous executions, the unrelenting vindictiveness with which more than half the Bible is filled, it would be more consistent that we call it the word of a demon than the word of God. [128], A bronze plaque attached to the wall of Thetford's Thomas Paine Hotel gives details of Paine's life. [61], Later that year, Paine returned to London from Paris. His ideas reflected Enlightenment-era ideals of transnational human rights. [21], From 1772 to 1773, Paine joined excise officers asking Parliament for better pay and working conditions, publishing, in summer of 1772, The Case of the Officers of Excise, a 12-page article, and his first political work, spending the London winter distributing the 4,000 copies printed to the Parliament and others. [18], In 1767, he was appointed to a position in Grampound, Cornwall. [19] Here he lived above the 15th-century Bull House, the tobacco shop of Samuel Ollive and Esther Ollive. And also, the sum of ten pounds per annum, during life, to every person now living, of the age of fifty years, and to all others as they shall arrive at that age. [106], In his Rights of Man, Part Second, Paine advocated a comprehensive program of state support for the population to ensure the welfare of society, including state subsidy for poor people, state-financed universal public education, and state-sponsored prenatal care and postnatal care, including state subsidies to families at childbirth. What motivated Thomas Paine to write Common Sense ? The land that is now Thomas Paine Park was once part of a freshwater swamp surrounded, ironically, by three former British prisons for revolutionaries. January 29, 1736] - … At a time when many still hoped for reconciliation with Britain, Common Sense demonstrated to many the inevitability of separation. This was compounded when his right to vote was denied in New Rochelle on the grounds that Gouverneur Morris did not recognize him as an American and Washington had not aided him. Marguerite de Bonneville published the essay in 1810 after Paine's death, but she chose to omit certain passages from it that were critical of Christianity, most of which were restored in an 1818 printing.[113]. Harlow Giles Under, "Thomas Paine and the Clarion Call for American Independence" (New York: Da Capo Press, 2019), p. 154, Lamb, Robert. [136], John Frazee's Thomas Paine Monument in New Rochelle, Plaque honoring Paine at 10 rue de l'Odéon, Paris, Statue in Thetford, Norfolk, England, Paine's birthplace, Commemorative plaque on the site of the former residence of Paine in Greenwich Village, New York City, British-American political activist, philosopher, political theorist and revolutionary (1737-1809), American resolves, declarations, petitions, essays and pamphlets prior to the, Significant civil and political events by year, Commemorative plaque on the site of the former residence of Paine in, CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of October 2020 (, "Letter to the Honorable Henry Laurens" in Philip S. Foner's. In 1774, Paine met Benjamin Franklin, who is believed to have persuaded Paine to immigrate to America, providing Paine with a letter of introduction. Choose your favorite thomas paine paintings from millions of available designs. Recognizing that a person's "labor ought to be over" before old age, Paine also called for a state pension to all workers starting at age 50, which would be doubled at age 60.[107]. Consider supporting the Thomas Paine National Historical Association! We are a tax-deductible, 501 c(3) charitable institution. The average age of a reporter covering the White House is 27. Even those who loved their enemies hated him, their friend – the friend of the whole world – with all their hearts. There is no confirmed story about what happened to them after that, although various people have claimed throughout the years to own parts of Paine's remains, such as his skull and right hand.[96][97][98]. [10] Despite claims that Thomas changed the spelling of his family name upon his emigration to America in 1774,[1] he was using "Paine" in 1769, while still in Lewes, Sussex. [47] It begins: These are the times that try men's souls: The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. In retaliation, Paine published his “Letter to George Washington” attacking his former friend, accusing him of fraud and corruption in the military and as president. To argue with a person who has renounced the use of reason is like administering medicine to the … John Jay, the President of the Congress, who had been a fervent supporter of Deane, immediately spoke out against Paine's comments. Thomas Paine grew up in a household of modest means, and only came to America a year before the start of the Revolutionary War at the age of 37. On arriving at Philadelphia, he was too sick to disembark. The second, sculpted in 1950 by Georg J. Lober, was erected near Paine's one time home in Morristown, New Jersey. This pamphlet was so popular that as a … [126], The same site is the home of the Thomas Paine Memorial Museum. [101], Paine's utopianism combined civic republicanism, belief in the inevitability of scientific and social progress and commitment to free markets and liberty generally. "[116] In its immediate effects, Gary Kates argues, "Paine's vision unified Philadelphia merchants, British artisans, French peasants, Dutch reformers, and radical intellectuals from Boston to Berlin in one great movement. [83] Bonneville was then briefly jailed and his presses were confiscated, which meant financial ruin. [20], Paine first became involved in civic matters when he was based in Lewes. Among Wollstonecraft’s late notable works are Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark (1796), a travelogue with a sociological and philosophical bent, and Maria; or, The Wrongs of Woman (1798), a posthumously published unfinished work that is a novelistic sequel to A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. A small group of wealthy Virginia land speculators, including the Washington, Lee, and Randolph families, had taken advantage of this royal charter to survey and to claim title to huge swaths of land, including much land west of the 13 colonies. Thomas Paine established his own shop in Kent before marrying Mary Lambert. Still, newspapers denounced him and he was sometimes refused services. 1987. [59], In 1787, a bridge of Paine's design was built across the Schuylkill River at Philadelphia. I do not believe in the creed professed by the Jewish church, by the Roman church, by the Greek church, by the Turkish church, by the Protestant church, nor by any church that I know of. their attempt to escape from revolutionary France, "Paine, Thomas (1737–1809), author and revolutionary", "The Life of Thomas Paine: With a History of Literary, Political, and Religious Career in America, France, and England", Thomas Paine National Historical Association, "An Archaeological Interpretative Survey of BULL HOUSE, 92 HIGH STREET, LEWES, EAST SUSSEX", "James Chalmers and Plain Truth A Loyalist Answers Thomas Paine", "Adams Papers Digital Edition – Massachusetts Historical Society", "Thomas Paine. Joseph was a Quaker and Frances an Anglican. "Liberty, Equality, and the Boundaries of Ownership: Thomas Paine's Theory of Property Rights. However, he was known more as Thomas Paine. [78], In 1796, a bridge he designed was erected over the mouth of the Wear River at Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, England. In his will, Paine left the bulk of his estate to Marguerite, including 100 acres (40.5 ha) of his farm so she could maintain and educate Benjamin and his brother Thomas. The Age of Reason gave ample excuse for the religiously devout to dislike him and the Federalists attacked him for his ideas of government stated in Common Sense, for his association with the French Revolution and for his friendship with President Jefferson. Historian Saul K… Mary became pregnant; and, after they moved to Margate, she went into early labour, in which she and their child died. While the price is low, I can’t imagine why only two of his books appear under a title of “Complete Works.”. He published the pamphlet Agrarian Justice (1797), discussing the origins of property and introduced the concept of a guaranteed minimum income through a one-time inheritance tax on landowners. He was also a member of the parish vestry, an influential local church group whose responsibilities for parish business would include collecting taxes and tithes to distribute among the poor. [75], Paine was released in November 1794 largely because of the work of the new American Minister to France, James Monroe,[76] who successfully argued the case for Paine's American citizenship. By the end of that year, 150,000 copies–an enormous amount for its time–had been printed and sold. Located in downtown Manhattan, near City Hall, the 300-ton-plus monument was dedicated on October 12, 2000. On January 31, 1791, he gave the manuscript to publisher Joseph Johnson. In March 1780, the assembly passed an abolition act that freed 6,000 slaves, to which Paine wrote the preamble. When he died on June 8, 1809, only six people attended his funeral as he had been ostracized for his ridicule of Christianity. Under Paine's leadership, the magazine's readership rapidly expanded, achieving a greater circulation in the colonies than any American magazine up until that point. states. It detailed a representative government with enumerated social programs to remedy the numbing poverty of commoners through progressive tax measures. It demonstrates Paine's commitment to foundational liberal values of individual freedom and moral equality. On his deathbed, his doctor asked him if he wished to accept Jesus Christ before passing. The book appeared on March 13, 1791 and sold nearly a million copies. Upon returning to the United States with this highly welcomed cargo, Thomas Paine and probably Col. Laurens, "positively objected" that General Washington should propose that Congress remunerate him for his services, for fear of setting "a bad precedent and an improper mode". His Common Sense pamphlet and Crisis papers were important influences on the American Revolution . With a quill pen in his right hand and an inverted copy of The Rights of Man in his left, it occupies a prominent spot on King Street. Philadelphia, Styner and Cist, 1776–77", "The Life and Writings of Thomas Paine: Containing a Biography", "Founders Online: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Paine, 18 March 1801", "Letter to George Washington, July 30, 1796: "On Paine's Service to America, "A PAINE IN THE VILLAGE – Forgotten New York", "The Paine Monument at Last Finds a Home", "Rehabilitating Thomas Paine, Bit by Bony Bit", Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898, "Paine's Obituary (click the "1809" link; it is 1/3 way down the 4th column)", "Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to Present", "Thomas Paine's Masonic Essay and the Question of His Membership in the Fraternity", Thomas Paine's Masonic Essay and the Question of His Membership in the Fraternity, "Mitt Romney Misquoted Thomas Paine In Victory Speech", "Thomas Paine Park Monuments – Triumph of the Human Spirit : NYC Parks", "Photos of Tom Paine and Some of His Writings", "Thomas Paine Study Centre – University of East Anglia (UEA)", "National Historic Landmarks & National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania", "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Cookes House", "BBC Radio 4 – Saturday Drama – Episodes by", "Archival material relating to Thomas Paine", Deistic and Religious Works of Thomas Paine, The theological works of Thomas Paine to which are appended the profession of faith of a savoyard vicar by J.J. Rousseau, Thomas Paine Monument, New Rochelle, New York, An Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies, A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress, Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, A Summary View of the Rights of British America, Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe, Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party, International Alliance of Libertarian Parties, International Federation of Liberal Youth, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth, Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau, List of people associated with the French Revolution, Christian thought on persecution and tolerance, The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Paine&oldid=991729727, British emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies, British people of the American Revolution, Deputies to the French National Convention, Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees, Members of the American Philosophical Society, People educated at Thetford Grammar School, People of wars of independence of the Americas, Political leaders of the American Revolution, CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of October 2020, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2011, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, In 2009, Paine's life was dramatized in the play, Greene, Jack P. 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