During pregnancy, the fetal circulatory system works differently than after birth: The fetus is connected by the umbilical cord to the placenta. FETAL CIRCULATION is carried out in a closed vascular system where the average pressure is about 30 mm Hg, which is much higher than that seen in the intervillous space where it is about 10 mm Hg. Changes of fetal circulation after birth (in the newborn) The initial inflation of the lungs causes important changes in the circulatory system. The transition from fetal to newborn life at birth represents a major physiological challenge that all humans must undertake to survive. It closes functionally within minutes of birth, and structurally within […] Circulation system after birth. The following changes must occur: The gas exchange takes place in the baby's lungs. Fetal and neonatal physiology differ. -describe the normal fetal circulation and mention the changes that occur in it at placental stage and after birth. With birth, the function of gas exchange is transferred from the placenta to the lungs, and therefore from the systemic circulation to the pulmonary circulation. How Cannabinoids Affect Embryo Development: THC crosses the placenta, enters fetal blood circulation, passes through the blood brain barrier, and is found at the highest levels in fetal fat tissue. Fetal circulation will change once the baby is born and adapts to life outside the womb. The human placenta is a complex organ that acts as the interface between the mother and fetus. It is important to be familiar with fetal circulation as you study maternity nursing. Circulatory changes in the newborn. Its functions are: In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the devastating series of thalidomide-induced birth defects raised awareness of the imperfect state of the placenta … Due to loss of tremendous blood flow through the placenta, the systemic vascular resistance at birth doubles. Cineroentgenographically demonstrated changes in the fetal circulation occurring at birth. Cold Spr. at the possibility that the changes in the circulation following birth are accomplished gradually and without abrupt rerouting of major blood currents. Low levels of folic acid during pregnancy are associated with higher rates of miscarriages, as well as neural tube defects and low birth weight. The fetal circulation is dominated by high resistance in the pulmonary circulation and a large right ventricle (RV). During vaginal birth, the newborn's chest is compressed by the birth canal. The term “fetal circulation” is used to refer to the movement of blood through a developing fetus. Because the developing fetus gets oxygen through the mother's blood supply, rather than by breathing, there are a number of things about fetal circulation which are special, to allow the fetus to get... If these changes do not take place, they lead to congenital abnormalities. The authors concluded that there is limited evidence that prenatal stress is associated with changes in circulation. Changes at Birth The Birth process imposes a significant and unique physical challenge to the neonate Life tasks necessary comprise independent breathing, the transition from fetal to neonatal circulation and the metabolic adaptation of thermoregulatory and glucose homeostasis along with fluid balance. Several changes occur after birth during the transition from the fetal circulation. Fetal circulation is the circulation of the baby’s circulatory system while it’s in utero. The human fetal circulation and its adjustments after birth are similar to those of other large mammals, although rates of maturation differ. Chapter 1-16. Ductus venosus is the first major structure that is going to help make a change after birth as circulation is concerned. Once this enters the body, it travels through the liver as the ductus venosus before joining the inferior vena cava. 6. Before birth the … Medecine. The purpose of these shunts is to bypass the lungs and liver. After birth, the 3 above mentioned shunts tend to close because of changes in pressure gradients and in oxygen tension. Injuries occurring after the immediate perinatal period but before 1 year of age can demonstrate features of both birth asphyxia and later infantile asphyxia, with involvement of the basal ganglia (predominantly posteriorly), lateral thalami, and dorsal midbrain, as well as cortical injury. These changes increase the pressure in the left atrium of the heart, which decrease the pressure in the right atrium. In animals that give live birth, the fetal circulation is the circulatory system of a fetus.The term usually encompasses the entire fetoplacental circulation, which includes the umbilical cord and the blood vessels within the placenta that carry fetal blood.. • Conversion of the fetal to the adult circulation requires –eliminating the umbilical–placental circulation –Increase of pulmonary blood flow to a level necessary for adequate gas exchange –separation of the left and right sides of the heart by closure of fetal … Pulmonary vascular resistance drops markedly from the first breath and continues to fall for weeks as the musculature of the pulmonary vessel regress. DEFINITION The fetal circulation is the circulatory system of a human fetus, often encompassing the entire fetoplacental circulation which includes the umbilical cord and the blood vessels within the placenta that carry fetal … In a fetal heart, there is higher pressure on the right side of the heart while, in adult circulation, the left side of the heart bears more pressure of the blood. Editor/authors are masked to the peer review process and editorial decision-making of their own work and are not able to access this work in the online manuscript submission system. Note the enlargement of the isthmic portion of the aortic arch which accompanies the reduction of the ductus arteriosus. Identify several developments that take place in the fetus between week 27 and birth. At Birth. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) The DA normally closes within the first 24 h of birth. Once the baby takes the first breath, a number of changes occur in the infant's lungs and circulatory system: Increased oxygen in the lungs causes a decrease in blood flow resistance to the lungs. Fetal circulation — In the fetus, the placenta has the lowest vascular resistance and receives 40 percent of the fetal cardiac output, which results in a low systemic pressure . Learn more about it! The student should be familiar with the basic structures of the fetal circulatory system. The human fetal circulation and its adjustments after birth are similar to those of other large mammals, although rates of maturation differ. In animals that give live birth, the fetal circulation is the circulatory system of a fetus.The term usually encompasses the entire fetoplacental circulation, which includes the umbilical cord and the blood vessels within the placenta that carry fetal blood.. (OBG) 2. Before we discuss fetal circulation, you must be familiar with how the blood flows normally through the heart when a baby is OUTSIDE of utero. (OBG) 2. Fetal echocardiograms are specialized, targeted ultrasound studies of the heart, performed by pediatric cardiologists with special expertise in this area. Blood flow resistance of the baby's blood vessels also increases. C losure of Umbilical Vessels. Respiratory gas exchange in the fetus occurs in the placenta rather than the lungs. Once the main arteries and veins as well as the heart are developed, usually after the 8th week of fetal development, deoxygenated blood is returned from the fetal systemic circulation to the placenta via two umbilical arteries, which branch off the fetal internal iliac arteries.. circulation and its distribution and the changes that occur postnatally. This is the organ that develops and implants in the mother's uterus during pregnancy. Human fetal circulation: changes in the cardiovascular system at birth and disturbances in the post-natal closure of the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus. It may stay open longer in premature babies. Watch how the blood flows through the baby's circulation and compare it to what happens in the fetus. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated fetal growth restriction and low birth weight to be risk factors that contribute to cardiovascular disease and hypertension in adult life. Early Hemodynamic Changes After Fetal Aortic Stenosis Valvuloplasty Are Associated With Biventricular Circulation at Birth. Decrease renal vascular resistance -> increase in RBF & GFR. It allows 80% of fetal blood to bypass the liver on return from the placenta. The closure of the ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus, and foramen ovale completes the change of fetal circulation to newborn circulation. Fetal circulation The fetus receives blood via the umbilical vein. Circulatory Changes at Birth At birth, placental blood flow ceases and lung respiration begins. The ductus venosus closes with the clamping of the umbilical cord and inhibition of blood flow through the umbilical vein. Primary changes n pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances at birth make circulation change. Fetal circulation is different from adult circulation. Get to know the maternal physiological changes during pregnancy & birth and learn more about the complex and critical process of embryogenesis. For example, what structures within the circulatory system shunt blood away from the liver and lungs. The umbilical cord is clamped and the baby no longer receives oxygen and nutrients from the mother. Describe variations in fetal heart circulation and outline what each structure does in terms of the hemodynamics of blood flow in the fetal heart. This is because the fetal lungs are not functional during its fetal life and instead the maternal blood ( via umbilical cord and placenta) supplies oxygen and nutrients to the fetus. 30. Following is a summary of the changes that occur in the cardiovascular system soon after birth. It is comprised of the blood vessels in the placenta and the umbilical cord, which contains two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein. The fetal (prenatal) circulation differs from normal postnatal circulation, mainly because the lungs are not in use. This severs blood flow to the umbilical vein and subsequently pressure drops in the right atrium, causing a rise in relative pressure in the left atrium. This is the organ that develops and implants in the mother's uterus during pregnancy. The venous and arterial circulations are separated, and not only are the fetal shunts unnecessary, but their persistence may lead to … The changes occurring soon after birth constitutes transitional circulation. After birth, the production of fetal hemoglobin decreases and there is a concomitant increase in hemoglobin β chain production such that normal levels of adult hemoglobin are achieved by 4 to 6 months of age. Mrs.Rekha Stalin. 1–3 This increased risk may result from suboptimal development of the fetal heart and main arteries in utero and from adaptive cardiovascular changes in fetal growth restriction. Fetal Circulation How does the fetal circulatory system work? In the womb, the baby, attached to the mother through the placenta, resides in a fluid environment. Fetal circulation is characterized by the presence of three shunts, the ductus venosus, ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale, as well as high pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) resulting from the relative hypoxic pulmonary environment (pO217-19 mmHg) and low The baby's circulation and blood flow through the heart now function like an adult's. Hematologic changes. Most women return to prepregnancy vision after giving birth. By cutting the umbilical cord, the placental circulation system is switched off. The shift in pressure stimulates the foramen ovale to close. During pregnancy, the fetal circulatory system works differently than after birth: The fetus is connected by the umbilical cord to the placenta. In animals that give live birth, the fetal circulation is the circulatory system of a fetus.The term usually encompasses the entire fetoplacental circulation, which includes the umbilical cord and the blood vessels within the placenta that carry fetal blood.. This is because of the rise in SVR and fall in PVR that occurs after birth. When you are taking maternity nursing in school you will be required to know about fetal circulation. x The 2020 fifth annual Society of Asian Academic Surgeons Conference took place in a virtual format on September 24, 2020-September 25, 2020 due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. There are the following changes which take place after birth: Closure of umbilical arteries. Fetal circulation — In the fetus, the placenta has the lowest vascular resistance and receives 40 percent of the fetal cardiac output, which results in a low systemic pressure . With the first breaths of air, the lungs start to expand, and the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale both close. They also lower the pressure in the right atrium. 50 ml) and at birth the alveoli are collapsed. Fetal Circulation Review. Failure of the DA to close results in a left to right shunt . That's because these organs will not work fully until after birth. Closure of the Foramen Ovale: The low right atrial pressure and the high left atrial pressure that … Changes in skin blood flow from exposure. In addition, to how the fetal circulation changes after birth. The ductus closes over the first few days of life. In addition, to how the fetal circulation changes after birth. At birth the circulation is altered with changes in resistance in both the pulmonary and systemic circulation, and after 1 month of … Paramedic Care- Principles & Practice, V5, 5e Bledsoe Lesson Plan, Test Bank, Quiz, Chapter Review, And Answer Key. At birth, major changes take place. Some of the blood in the descending aorta circulates throughout the lower body, while the rest returns to the placenta via the umbilical arteries to exchange waste products for oxygen and nutrients. 7. In the fetus, there is an opening between the right and left atrium (the foramen ovale), and most of the blood flows from the right into the left atrium, thus bypassing pulmonary circulation. The majority of blood flow is into the left ventricle from where it is pumped through the aorta into the body. "Physiological changes in the circulation after birth." The first cries of the infant allow for alveoli expansion and absorption of fetal lung fluid. The fetal (prenatal) circulation differs from normal postnatal circulation, mainly because the lungs are not in use. Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is the dominant form of hemoglobin present in the fetus during gestation. The fetal heart shunts become closed. Fetal cardiovascular system is designed so that the most saturated blood reaches the heart and the brain. This is the organ that develops and implants in the mother's uterus during pregnancy. What changes occur in fetal circulation at birth? 1.1 Fetal circulation In utero, oxygenated blood flows to the fetus from the placenta through the umbilical vein. Exam 2 Review 1. These changes raise the pressure in the left atrium of the heart. Fetal circulation 1. The umbilical cord is clamped and the baby no longer receives oxygen and nutrients from the mother. Fishman, Alfred P., and Dickinson W. Richards. Changes in Fetal Circulation After Birth. The student should be familiar with the basic structures of the fetal circulatory system. Through the blood vessels in the umbilical cord, the fetus receives all the necessary nutrition, oxygen, and life support from the mother through the placenta. After the placental circulation stops after birth, the umbilical vein, ductus venosus and umbilical arteries collapse. It is important to be familiar with fetal circulation as you study maternity nursing. Closure of ductus venosus. Oral Abstract Presentation, ACC Scientific Session, March 19, 2017, Washington, D.C. They also lower the pressure in the right atrium. CrossRef Google Scholar These changes raise the pressure in the left atrium of the heart. The fetal (prenatal) circulation differs from normal postnatal circulation, mainly because the lungs are not in use. Hyponatraemia is common in inpatients and this includes newborns in neonatal intensive care units. Because the ductus arteriosus is no longer needed, it starts to wither and close off. The amniotic membranes rupture before the onset of labor in about 12 percent of women; they typically rupture at the end of the dilation stage in response to excessive pressure from the fetal head entering the birth canal. Through the blood vessels in the umbilical cord, the fetus gets all needed nutrition and oxygen. During pregnancy, the fetal circulatory system works differently than after birth: The fetus is connected by the umbilical cord to the placenta. The shift in pressure stimulates the foramen ovale to close. PLAY. Fetal circulation BEFORE and AFTER birth (the changes) Lecture on Fetal Circulation. This intricate system allows the fetus to receive oxygenated blood and nutrients from the placenta. The fetal circulation system is distinctly different from adult circulation. 2 -To permit modifications at birth, which establish the neonatal circulation. The anatomy and physiology of … Postnatal Changes. Occlusion of the placental circulation causes an immediate fall of blood pressure in the IVC and right atrium. Surveys from around the world suggest that up to a third of very low birthweight infants are hyponatraemic in the first week after birth and between 25 and 65% thereafter (unpublished data).1 2 #### Key points How much is known about the causes of hyponatraemia in the newborn? A larger amount of blood is sent to the lungs to pick up oxygen. After birth, the production of fetal hemoglobin decreases and there is a concomitant increase in hemoglobin β chain production such that normal levels of adult hemoglobin are achieved by 4 to 6 months of age. It reduces the resistance to blood flow through the lungs resulting in increased blood flow from the pulmonary arteries. As the alveoli expand, the pulmonary vasculature also tends to expands due to decreased effects of hypoxic pulmonary vascular resistance. 468 Pages. - Blood change from fetal to adult pattern of circulation is not a sudden occurrence in some changes occur during the first breath, others over hours and days. After birth the changes in circulation involve closure of three fetal channels, the ductus venosus, the foramen ovale, and the ductus arteriosus. These changes promote the closure of the shunt. Closure of umbilical vein. Get to know the maternal physiological changes during pregnancy & birth and learn more about the complex and critical process of embryogenesis. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of pregnancy-related mortality in the United States and has gradually increased over time (from 7.2 to 17.2 deaths per 100 000 live births from 1987–2015). - Umbilical cord is not tied for 30-60 seconds so that blood flow thru umbilical vein continues, transferring fetal blood from placenta to the infant. The closure of the ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus, and foramen ovale completes the change of fetal circulation to newborn circulation. Prosnitz AR, Drogosz M, Marshall AC, Wilkins-Haug LE, Benson CB, Tworetzky W, Friedman KG. Ductus Arteriosis It stays open in the fetus because low PaO2 and circulating prostaglandins (PGE2) are vasodilatory on the ductus. Introduction. The fetal circulation has three bypass pathways. Previous story Fetal blood and circulation, Changes of fetal circulation after birth (in the newborn) Recent Posts; Popular Posts; Tags; Mobile. Detailed Lesson Plan Gynecology 85–110 Minutes Chapter 1 objectives can be found on the opening chapter page. 8. Blood circulation after birth. Our circulation is audited by BPA who confirms these numbers. Hematologic changes. The first breaths are difficult because the lungs are still filled with fluid (ca. Increased FiO2 shifting oxy-Hb curve to to right -> less fetal Hb & increased 2,3 DPG. Through the blood vessels in the umbilical cord, the fetus receives all the necessary nutrition, oxygen, and life support from the mother through the placenta. The contractions of the uterus decrease placental blood flow, but do not stop it completely. Circulatory Adjustments at birth: Increasing uptake of … Expulsion Stage. Maternal Physiological Changes During Pregnancy and Birth and Fetal Circulation See online here The process of reproduction is an essential characteristic of all living organisms. After the fetus is born, two major transformations take place. In animals that give live birth, the fetal circulation is the circulatory system of a fetus.The term usually encompasses the entire fetoplacental circulation, which includes the umbilical cord and the blood vessels within the placenta that carry fetal blood.. For example, what structures within the circulatory system shunt blood away from the liver and lungs. Fetal circulation The fetus receives blood via the umbilical vein. • Discuss fetal anatomy" • Discuss the fetal circulation" – Course of the circulation" – Admixture of oxygenated and systemic venous blood" – Fetal vascular pressures" – Blood gases and oxygen saturation" – Cardiac output and its distribution" • Birth associated changes in circulation" " All structures unique to fetal circulation are no longer necessary and undergo changes to reflect this. Mrs.Rekha Stalin. Two main triggers induce the structural changes: cessation of placental blood flow, and the initiation of respiration. The shunt that bypasses the lungs is called the foramen ovale. Early changes of heart failure are usually seen first in the recipient twin, as its heart has to work hard to pump the extra blood. Now up your study game with Learn mode. "The fetal circulation." Other forms of CHD can result in severe compromise of the fetal circulation and early fetal death. As resistance rises, aortic pressure increases. Fetal circulation is the circulatory system of a fetus, It differs from normal postnatal circulation because the lungs are not functional and the fetus obtains oxygen and nutrients from the mother through the placenta and the umbilical cord by the umbilical vessels. 16.9 Embryo-fetal circulation system – changes at birth. Fetal Circulation How does the fetal circulatory system work? In several Fellowship Exam papers (but none since 2007) the exam candidates were asked to describe the changes to the foetal circulation which occur after birth, and the various pathological states which interfere with this normal process. First, the umbilical cord is clamped. With birth, a change from parallel flow through the heart to a serial one gradually takes place. Harb. The changes occurring soon after birth constitutes transitional circulation. The umbilical cord is clamped and the baby no longer receives oxygen and nutrients from the mother. Compare and contrast fetal and adult hemoglobin. Fetal circulation 1. Respiratory gas exchange in the fetus occurs in the placenta rather than the lungs. In the fetal circulation, the right and left ventricles exist in a parallel circuit, as opposed to the series circuit of a newborn or adult (see Fig. Biol., 19: 109, 1954. Prenatal Diagnosis: Published in Affiliation With the International Society for Prenatal Diagnosis 24.13 (2004): 1049-1059. Fetal Circulation & Postnatal Changes Prof. Saeed Abuel Makarem n n n Fetal Cardiovascular system is designed for 2 purposes: 1 -To serve prenatal needs. MSc nuring. With birth, a change from parallel flow through the heart to a serial one gradually takes place. How and why is fetal blood circulation different from postnatal circulation? The umbilical cord is tied and the umbilical arteries and vein become non functional. B, Typical configuration three to four months after birth. This year's meeting comprised of four sessions, which were organized by our Program Committee, led by the Program Committee Chair, Dr Jennifer Kuo. Give examples of fetal changes that occur during weeks 16 through 26 after fertilization. The circulation in the baby before birth functions in a different manner than circulation after birth. Click to see full answer. Prenatally, nutrient and gas exchange occur via the fetoplacental unit.Blood flows from the placenta to the fetus through the umbilical vein, while deoxygenated blood is removed through the umbilical arteries and directed back into the maternal circulation. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. This is the organ that develops and implants in the mother's uterus during pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology is pleased to announce it reaches over 43,000 readers, including general ob-gyns, maternal-fetal medicine specialists, reproductive endocrinologists, gyn oncologists, and others. REYNOLDS SR. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med, 86:407-414, 01 Sep 1961 Cited by: 1 article | PMID: 13741110 The shift in pressure stimulates the foramen ovale to close. Common changes during pregnancy include blurriness and discomfort with contact … In the fetal circulation, the right and left ventricles exist in a parallel circuit, as opposed to the series circuit of a newborn or adult (see Fig. Regarding this, what is the fetal circulation? MSc nuring. quant. Since the concept that cardiac defects are fixed entities is being superseded by an appreciation of the changing nature of physiologic disturbances and their clinical consequence, the course and distribution of the fetal circulation with the influences of the major changes at birth, including changes in pulmonary vascular resistance, and closure of the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale, require study. Once this enters the body, it travels through the liver as the ductus venosus before joining the inferior vena cava. During pregnancy, the fetal circulatory system works differently than after birth: The fetus is connected by the umbilical cord to the placenta. By cutting the umbilical cord, the placental circulation system is switched off. The sudden drop in right atrial pressure pushes the septum primum against the septum secundum, closing the foramen ovale. Adult circulation, which begins when the baby takes its first breath, is very different from fetal circulation. Temperature changes and other sensory stimulation contributes to … HbF contains two alpha and two gamma subunits, while the major form of adult hemoglobin, hemoglobin A (HbA), contains two alpha and two beta subunits. fetal circulation. The course of the flow of blood in a fetus. Oxygenated in the placenta, blood passes through the umbilical vein and ductus venosus to the inferior vena cava and thence to the right atrium. Significant relationships between prenatal stress and uterine artery RI and PI, umbilical artery RI, PI, and systolic/diastolic ratio, fetal MCA PI, cerebro-placental ratio (CPR), and umbilical vein volume blood flow were found. With the first breaths of air, the lungs start to expand, and the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale both close. They also lower the pressure in the right atrium. With the first breaths of air the baby takes at birth, the fetal circulation changes. Xiaomi Mi 11X (2021) review, advantages, disadvantages & features. Give examples of fetal changes that occur during weeks 16 through 26 after fertilization. Changes Occurring at Birth. Considering this, what happens to fetal circulation after birth? These changes raise the pressure in the left atrium of the heart. Oxygenated blood bypasses both the … The closure of the ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus, and foramen ovale completes the change of fetal circulation to newborn circulation. During pregnancy, the fetal circulatory system works differently than after birth: The fetus is connected by the umbilical cord to the placenta, the organ that develops and implants in … By cutting the umbilical cord, the placental circulation system is switched off. RESPIRATORY. These objectives, which form the basis of each chapter, were developed from the new Education Standards and Instructional Guidelines. Closure of Foramen Ovale. Upon delivery, negative pressure allows air into the lungs. Fetal circulation is different from adult circulation. The shift in pressure stimulates the foramen ovale to close. In contrast, IgG4 is present in the fetal circulation after 19 weeks [34]. Fetal cardiovascular system is designed so that the most saturated blood reaches the heart and the brain. Identify several developments that take place in the fetus between week 27 and birth. Physiological maternal changes , hematological changes in pregnancy , braxon-hicks contractions , fetal circulation . At birth, major changes take place. Remember the lungs and heart work together to perfuse the body. Although a small amount of oxygenated blood is delivered to the liver, most blood diverts the Fetal circulation review for maternity nursing students about ductus arteriosus, foramen ovale, ductus venosus! Blood circulation after birth. The blood that reaches the lungs in the fetal circulation system is only enough to supply nutrients to the lungs. DEFINITION The fetal circulation is the circulatory system of a human fetus, often encompassing the entire fetoplacental circulation which includes the umbilical cord and the blood vessels within the placenta that carry fetal … Symp. Furthur in pressure … Immediately after birth, as the newborn breathes the lungs become expanded. The following changes must occur: The gas exchange takes place in the baby's lungs. Summary. With birth, a change from parallel flow through the heart to a serial one gradually takes place. The following changes must occur: The gas exchange takes place in the baby’s lungs. It allows 80% of fetal blood to bypass the liver on return from the placenta. Aorta. . The baby's circulation and blood flow through the heart now function like an adult's. With the first breaths of air, the lungs start to expand, and the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale both close. The fetal circulatory system uses 3 shunts. Contraception’s Editors have active research programs and, on occasion, publish work in Contraception. 2015-1-2 Describe the Foetal Circulation and the changes that occur at birth Foetal Circulation - Placenta Supplied by paired umbelical artery and drains to single umbelical vein Capillary networks in parallel high flow, low resistance system, decreases overall systemic vascular resistance.
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